Point cloud data transmission device, point cloud data transmission method, point cloud data reception device, and point cloud data reception method

ABSTRACT

A point cloud data transmission method according to embodiments may comprise the steps of: encoding point cloud data; and transmitting a bitstream comprising the point cloud data. A point cloud data reception method according to embodiments may comprise the steps of: receiving a bitstream including point cloud data; and decoding the point cloud data.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments relate to a method and device for processing point cloud content.

BACKGROUND

Point cloud content is content represented by a point cloud, which is a set of points belonging to a coordinate system representing a three-dimensional space. The point cloud content may express media configured in three dimensions, and is used to provide various services such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR), and self-driving services. However, tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of point data are required to represent point cloud content. Therefore, there is a need for a method for efficiently processing a large amount of point data.

SUMMARY

Embodiments provide a device and method for efficiently processing point cloud data. Embodiments provide a point cloud data processing method and device for addressing latency and encoding/decoding complexity.

The technical scope of the embodiments is not limited to the aforementioned technical objects, and may be extended to other technical objects that may be inferred by those skilled in the art based on the entire contents disclosed herein.

To achieve these objects and other advantages and in accordance with the purpose of the disclosure, as embodied and broadly described herein, a method for transmitting point cloud data may include encoding the point cloud data, and transmitting a bitstream containing the point cloud data.

Devices and methods according to embodiments may process point cloud data with high efficiency.

The devices and methods according to the embodiments may provide a high-quality point cloud service.

The devices and methods according to the embodiments may provide point cloud content for providing general-purpose services such as a VR service and a self-driving service.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the disclosure and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiment(s) of the disclosure and together with the description serve to explain the principle of the disclosure. For a better understanding of various embodiments described below, reference should be made to the description of the following embodiments in connection with the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary point cloud content providing system according to embodiments;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a point cloud content providing operation according to embodiments;

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary process of capturing a point cloud video according to embodiments;

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary point cloud encoder according to embodiments;

FIG. 5 shows an example of voxels according to embodiments;

FIG. 6 shows an example of an octree and occupancy code according to embodiments;

FIG. 7 shows an example of a neighbor node pattern according to embodiments;

FIG. 8 illustrates an example of point configuration in each LOD according to embodiments;

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of point configuration in each LOD according to embodiments;

FIG. 10 illustrates a point cloud decoder according to embodiments;

FIG. 11 illustrates a point cloud decoder according to embodiments;

FIG. 12 illustrates a transmission device according to embodiments;

FIG. 13 illustrates a reception device according to embodiments;

FIG. 14 illustrates an exemplary structure operable in connection with point cloud data transmission/reception methods/devices according to embodiments;

FIG. 15 illustrates a point cloud data encoding process according to embodiments;

FIG. 16 shows an example of sorted point cloud data according to embodiments;

FIG. 17 illustrates a configuration of a point cloud data transmission device according to embodiments;

FIG. 18 illustrates a configuration of a point cloud data reception device according to embodiments;

FIG. 19 illustrates a structure of a bitstream containing point cloud data according to embodiments;

FIG. 20 shows a sequence parameter set according to embodiments;

FIG. 21 shows a geometry parameter set according to embodiments;

FIG. 22 shows a syntax of a tile parameter set according to embodiments;

FIG. 23 shows a geometry slice header according to embodiments;

FIG. 24 illustrates a point cloud data transmission method according to embodiments; and

FIG. 25 illustrates a point cloud data reception method according to embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present disclosure, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The detailed description, which will be given below with reference to the accompanying drawings, is intended to explain exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, rather than to show the only embodiments that may be implemented according to the present disclosure. The following detailed description includes specific details in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present disclosure may be practiced without such specific details.

Although most terms used in the present disclosure have been selected from general ones widely used in the art, some terms have been arbitrarily selected by the applicant and their meanings are explained in detail in the following description as needed. Thus, the present disclosure should be understood based upon the intended meanings of the terms rather than their simple names or meanings.

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary point cloud content providing system according to embodiments.

The point cloud content providing system illustrated in FIG. 1 may include a transmission device 10000 and a reception device 10004. The transmission device 10000 and the reception device 10004 are capable of wired or wireless communication to transmit and receive point cloud data.

The point cloud data transmission device 10000 according to the embodiments may secure and process point cloud video (or point cloud content) and transmit the same. According to embodiments, the transmission device 10000 may include a fixed station, a base transceiver system (BTS), a network, an artificial intelligence (AI) device and/or system, a robot, an AR/VR/XR device and/or server. According to embodiments, the transmission device 10000 may include a device, a robot, a vehicle, an AR/VR/XR device, a portable device, a home appliance, an Internet of Thing (IoT) device, and an AI device/server which are configured to perform communication with a base station and/or other wireless devices using a radio access technology (e.g., 5G New RAT (NR), Long Term Evolution (LTE)).

The transmission device 10000 according to the embodiments includes a point cloud video acquirer 10001, a point cloud video encoder 10002, and/or a transmitter (or communication module) 10003.

The point cloud video acquirer 10001 according to the embodiments acquires a point cloud video through a processing process such as capture, synthesis, or generation. The point cloud video is point cloud content represented by a point cloud, which is a set of points positioned in a 3D space, and may be referred to as point cloud video data. The point cloud video according to the embodiments may include one or more frames. One frame represents a still image/picture. Therefore, the point cloud video may include a point cloud image/frame/picture, and may be referred to as a point cloud image, frame, or picture.

The point cloud video encoder 10002 according to the embodiments encodes the acquired point cloud video data. The point cloud video encoder 10002 may encode the point cloud video data based on point cloud compression coding. The point cloud compression coding according to the embodiments may include geometry-based point cloud compression (G-PCC) coding and/or video-based point cloud compression (V-PCC) coding or next-generation coding. The point cloud compression coding according to the embodiments is not limited to the above-described embodiment. The point cloud video encoder 10002 may output a bitstream containing the encoded point cloud video data. The bitstream may contain not only the encoded point cloud video data, but also signaling information related to encoding of the point cloud video data.

The transmitter 10003 according to the embodiments transmits the bitstream containing the encoded point cloud video data. The bitstream according to the embodiments is encapsulated in a file or segment (for example, a streaming segment), and is transmitted over various networks such as a broadcasting network and/or a broadband network. Although not shown in the figure, the transmission device 10000 may include an encapsulator (or an encapsulation module) configured to perform an encapsulation operation. According to embodiments, the encapsulator may be included in the transmitter 10003. According to embodiments, the file or segment may be transmitted to the reception device 10004 over a network, or stored in a digital storage medium (e.g., USB, SD, CD, DVD, Blu-ray, HDD, SSD, etc.). The transmitter 10003 according to the embodiments is capable of wired/wireless communication with the reception device 10004 (or the receiver 10005) over a network of 4G, 5G, 6G, etc. In addition, the transmitter may perform a necessary data processing operation according to the network system (e.g., a 4G, 5G or 6G communication network system). The transmission device 10000 may transmit the encapsulated data in an on-demand manner.

The reception device 10004 according to the embodiments includes a receiver 10005, a point cloud video decoder 10006, and/or a renderer 10007. According to embodiments, the reception device 10004 may include a device, a robot, a vehicle, an AR/VR/XR device, a portable device, a home appliance, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, and an AI device/server which are configured to perform communication with a base station and/or other wireless devices using a radio access technology (e.g., 5G New RAT (NR), Long Term Evolution (LTE)).

The receiver 10005 according to the embodiments receives the bitstream containing the point cloud video data or the file/segment in which the bitstream is encapsulated from the network or storage medium. The receiver 10005 may perform necessary data processing according to the network system (for example, a communication network system of 4G, 5G, 6G, etc.). The receiver 10005 according to the embodiments may decapsulate the received file/segment and output a bitstream. According to embodiments, the receiver 10005 may include a decapsulator (or a decapsulation module) configured to perform a decapsulation operation. The decapsulator may be implemented as an element (or component) separate from the receiver 10005.

The point cloud video decoder 10006 decodes the bitstream containing the point cloud video data. The point cloud video decoder 10006 may decode the point cloud video data according to the method by which the point cloud video data is encoded (for example, in a reverse process of the operation of the point cloud video encoder 10002). Accordingly, the point cloud video decoder 10006 may decode the point cloud video data by performing point cloud decompression coding, which is the inverse process of the point cloud compression. The point cloud decompression coding includes G-PCC coding.

The renderer 10007 renders the decoded point cloud video data. The renderer 10007 may output point cloud content by rendering not only the point cloud video data but also audio data. According to embodiments, the renderer 10007 may include a display configured to display the point cloud content. According to embodiments, the display may be implemented as a separate device or component rather than being included in the renderer 10007.

The arrows indicated by dotted lines in the drawing represent a transmission path of feedback information acquired by the reception device 10004. The feedback information is information for reflecting interactivity with a user who consumes the point cloud content, and includes information about the user (e.g., head orientation information, viewport information, and the like). In particular, when the point cloud content is content for a service (e.g., self-driving service, etc.) that requires interaction with the user, the feedback information may be provided to the content transmitting side (e.g., the transmission device 10000) and/or the service provider. According to embodiments, the feedback information may be used in the reception device 10004 as well as the transmission device 10000, or may not be provided.

The head orientation information according to embodiments is information about the user's head position, orientation, angle, motion, and the like. The reception device 10004 according to the embodiments may calculate the viewport information based on the head orientation information. The viewport information may be information about a region of a point cloud video that the user is viewing. A viewpoint is a point through which the user is viewing the point cloud video, and may refer to a center point of the viewport region. That is, the viewport is a region centered on the viewpoint, and the size and shape of the region may be determined by a field of view (FOV). Accordingly, the reception device 10004 may extract the viewport information based on a vertical or horizontal FOV supported by the device in addition to the head orientation information. Also, the reception device 10004 performs gaze analysis or the like to check the way the user consumes a point cloud, a region that the user gazes at in the point cloud video, a gaze time, and the like. According to embodiments, the reception device 10004 may transmit feedback information including the result of the gaze analysis to the transmission device 10000. The feedback information according to the embodiments may be acquired in the rendering and/or display process. The feedback information according to the embodiments may be secured by one or more sensors included in the reception device 10004. According to embodiments, the feedback information may be secured by the renderer 10007 or a separate external element (or device, component, or the like). The dotted lines in FIG. 1 represent a process of transmitting the feedback information secured by the renderer 10007. The point cloud content providing system may process (encode/decode) point cloud data based on the feedback information. Accordingly, the point cloud video data decoder 10006 may perform a decoding operation based on the feedback information. The reception device 10004 may transmit the feedback information to the transmission device 10000. The transmission device 10000 (or the point cloud video data encoder 10002) may perform an encoding operation based on the feedback information. Accordingly, the point cloud content providing system may efficiently process necessary data (e.g., point cloud data corresponding to the user's head position) based on the feedback information rather than processing (encoding/decoding) the entire point cloud data, and provide point cloud content to the user.

According to embodiments, the transmission device 10000 may be called an encoder, a transmission device, a transmitter, or the like, and the reception device 10004 may be called a decoder, a receiving device, a receiver, or the like.

The point cloud data processed in the point cloud content providing system of FIG. 1 according to embodiments (through a series of processes of acquisition/encoding/transmission/decoding/rendering) may be referred to as point cloud content data or point cloud video data. According to embodiments, the point cloud content data may be used as a concept covering metadata or signaling information related to the point cloud data.

The elements of the point cloud content providing system illustrated in FIG. 1 may be implemented by hardware, software, a processor, and/or a combination thereof.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a point cloud content providing operation according to embodiments.

The block diagram of FIG. 2 shows the operation of the point cloud content providing system described in FIG. 1 . As described above, the point cloud content providing system may process point cloud data based on point cloud compression coding (e.g., G-PCC).

The point cloud content providing system according to the embodiments (for example, the point cloud transmission device 10000 or the point cloud video acquirer 10001) may acquire a point cloud video (20000). The point cloud video is represented by a point cloud belonging to a coordinate system for expressing a 3D space. The point cloud video according to the embodiments may include a Ply (Polygon File format or the Stanford Triangle format) file. When the point cloud video has one or more frames, the acquired point cloud video may include one or more Ply files. The Ply files contain point cloud data, such as point geometry and/or attributes. The geometry includes positions of points. The position of each point may be represented by parameters (for example, values of the X, Y, and Z axes) representing a three-dimensional coordinate system (e.g., a coordinate system composed of X, Y and Z axes). The attributes include attributes of points (e.g., information about texture, color (in YCbCr or RGB), reflectance r, transparency, etc. of each point). A point has one or more attributes. For example, a point may have an attribute that is a color, or two attributes that are color and reflectance. According to embodiments, the geometry may be called positions, geometry information, geometry data, or the like, and the attribute may be called attributes, attribute information, attribute data, or the like. The point cloud content providing system (for example, the point cloud transmission device 10000 or the point cloud video acquirer 10001) may secure point cloud data from information (e.g., depth information, color information, etc.) related to the acquisition process of the point cloud video.

The point cloud content providing system (for example, the transmission device 10000 or the point cloud video encoder 10002) according to the embodiments may encode the point cloud data (20001). The point cloud content providing system may encode the point cloud data based on point cloud compression coding. As described above, the point cloud data may include the geometry and attributes of a point. Accordingly, the point cloud content providing system may perform geometry encoding of encoding the geometry and output a geometry bitstream. The point cloud content providing system may perform attribute encoding of encoding attributes and output an attribute bitstream. According to embodiments, the point cloud content providing system may perform the attribute encoding based on the geometry encoding. The geometry bitstream and the attribute bitstream according to the embodiments may be multiplexed and output as one bitstream. The bitstream according to the embodiments may further contain signaling information related to the geometry encoding and attribute encoding.

The point cloud content providing system (for example, the transmission device 10000 or the transmitter 10003) according to the embodiments may transmit the encoded point cloud data (20002). As illustrated in FIG. 1 , the encoded point cloud data may be represented by a geometry bitstream and an attribute bitstream. In addition, the encoded point cloud data may be transmitted in the form of a bitstream together with signaling information related to encoding of the point cloud data (for example, signaling information related to the geometry encoding and the attribute encoding). The point cloud content providing system may encapsulate a bitstream that carries the encoded point cloud data and transmit the same in the form of a file or segment.

The point cloud content providing system (for example, the reception device 10004 or the receiver 10005) according to the embodiments may receive the bitstream containing the encoded point cloud data. In addition, the point cloud content providing system (for example, the reception device 10004 or the receiver 10005) may demultiplex the bitstream.

The point cloud content providing system (e.g., the reception device 10004 or the point cloud video decoder 10005) may decode the encoded point cloud data (e.g., the geometry bitstream, the attribute bitstream) transmitted in the bitstream. The point cloud content providing system (for example, the reception device 10004 or the point cloud video decoder 10005) may decode the point cloud video data based on the signaling information related to encoding of the point cloud video data contained in the bitstream. The point cloud content providing system (for example, the reception device 10004 or the point cloud video decoder 10005) may decode the geometry bitstream to reconstruct the positions (geometry) of points. The point cloud content providing system may reconstruct the attributes of the points by decoding the attribute bitstream based on the reconstructed geometry. The point cloud content providing system (for example, the reception device 10004 or the point cloud video decoder 10005) may reconstruct the point cloud video based on the positions according to the reconstructed geometry and the decoded attributes.

The point cloud content providing system according to the embodiments (for example, the reception device 10004 or the renderer 10007) may render the decoded point cloud data (20004). The point cloud content providing system (for example, the reception device 10004 or the renderer 10007) may render the geometry and attributes decoded through the decoding process, using various rendering methods. Points in the point cloud content may be rendered to a vertex having a certain thickness, a cube having a specific minimum size centered on the corresponding vertex position, or a circle centered on the corresponding vertex position. All or part of the rendered point cloud content is provided to the user through a display (e.g., a VR/AR display, a general display, etc.).

The point cloud content providing system (e.g., the reception device 10004) according to the embodiments may secure feedback information (20005). The point cloud content providing system may encode and/or decode point cloud data based on the feedback information. The feedback information and the operation of the point cloud content providing system according to the embodiments are the same as the feedback information and the operation described with reference to FIG. 1 , and thus detailed description thereof is omitted.

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary process of capturing a point cloud video according to embodiments.

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary point cloud video capture process of the point cloud content providing system described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 2 .

Point cloud content includes a point cloud video (images and/or videos) representing an object and/or environment located in various 3D spaces (e.g., a 3D space representing a real environment, a 3D space representing a virtual environment, etc.). Accordingly, the point cloud content providing system according to the embodiments may capture a point cloud video using one or more cameras (e.g., an infrared camera capable of securing depth information, an RGB camera capable of extracting color information corresponding to the depth information, etc.), a projector (e.g., an infrared pattern projector to secure depth information), a LiDAR, or the like. The point cloud content providing system according to the embodiments may extract the shape of geometry composed of points in a 3D space from the depth information and extract the attributes of each point from the color information to secure point cloud data. An image and/or video according to the embodiments may be captured based on at least one of the inward-facing technique and the outward-facing technique.

The left part of FIG. 3 illustrates the inward-facing technique. The inward-facing technique refers to a technique of capturing images a central object with one or more cameras (or camera sensors) positioned around the central object. The inward-facing technique may be used to generate point cloud content providing a 360-degree image of a key object to the user (e.g., VR/AR content providing a 360-degree image of an object (e.g., a key object such as a character, player, object, or actor) to the user).

The right part of FIG. 3 illustrates the outward-facing technique. The outward-facing technique refers to a technique of capturing images an environment of a central object rather than the central object with one or more cameras (or camera sensors) positioned around the central object. The outward-facing technique may be used to generate point cloud content for providing a surrounding environment that appears from the user's point of view (e.g., content representing an external environment that may be provided to a user of a self-driving vehicle).

As shown in the figure, the point cloud content may be generated based on the capturing operation of one or more cameras. In this case, the coordinate system may differ among the cameras, and accordingly the point cloud content providing system may calibrate one or more cameras to set a global coordinate system before the capturing operation. In addition, the point cloud content providing system may generate point cloud content by synthesizing an arbitrary image and/or video with an image and/or video captured by the above-described capture technique. The point cloud content providing system may not perform the capturing operation described in FIG. 3 when it generates point cloud content representing a virtual space. The point cloud content providing system according to the embodiments may perform post-processing on the captured image and/or video. In other words, the point cloud content providing system may remove an unwanted area (for example, a background), recognize a space to which the captured images and/or videos are connected, and, when there is a spatial hole, perform an operation of filling the spatial hole.

The point cloud content providing system may generate one piece of point cloud content by performing coordinate transformation on points of the point cloud video secured from each camera. The point cloud content providing system may perform coordinate transformation on the points based on the coordinates of the position of each camera. Accordingly, the point cloud content providing system may generate content representing one wide range, or may generate point cloud content having a high density of points.

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary point cloud encoder according to embodiments.

FIG. 4 shows an example of the point cloud video encoder 10002 of FIG. 1 . The point cloud encoder reconstructs and encodes point cloud data (e.g., positions and/or attributes of the points) to adjust the quality of the point cloud content (to, for example, lossless, lossy, or near-lossless) according to the network condition or applications. When the overall size of the point cloud content is large (e.g., point cloud content of 60 Gbps is given for 30 fps), the point cloud content providing system may fail to stream the content in real time. Accordingly, the point cloud content providing system may reconstruct the point cloud content based on the maximum target bitrate to provide the same in accordance with the network environment or the like.

As described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2 , the point cloud encoder may perform geometry encoding and attribute encoding. The geometry encoding is performed before the attribute encoding.

The point cloud encoder according to the embodiments includes a coordinate transformer (Transform coordinates) 40000, a quantizer (Quantize and remove points (voxelize)) 40001, an octree analyzer (Analyze octree) 40002, and a surface approximation analyzer (Analyze surface approximation) 40003, an arithmetic encoder (Arithmetic encode) 40004, a geometry reconstructor (Reconstruct geometry) 40005, a color transformer (Transform colors) 40006, an attribute transformer (Transform attributes) 40007, a RAHT transformer (RAHT) 40008, an LOD generator (Generate LOD) 40009, a lifting transformer (Lifting) 40010, a coefficient quantizer (Quantize coefficients) 40011, and/or an arithmetic encoder (Arithmetic encode) 40012.

The coordinate transformer 40000, the quantizer 40001, the octree analyzer 40002, the surface approximation analyzer 40003, the arithmetic encoder 40004, and the geometry reconstructor 40005 may perform geometry encoding. The geometry encoding according to the embodiments may include octree geometry coding, direct coding, trisoup geometry encoding, and entropy encoding. The direct coding and trisoup geometry encoding are applied selectively or in combination. The geometry encoding is not limited to the above-described example.

As shown in the figure, the coordinate transformer 40000 according to the embodiments receives positions and transforms the same into coordinates. For example, the positions may be transformed into position information in a three-dimensional space (for example, a three-dimensional space represented by an XYZ coordinate system). The position information in the three-dimensional space according to the embodiments may be referred to as geometry information.

The quantizer 40001 according to the embodiments quantizes the geometry. For example, the quantizer 40001 may quantize the points based on a minimum position value of all points (for example, a minimum value on each of the X, Y, and Z axes). The quantizer 40001 performs a quantization operation of multiplying the difference between the minimum position value and the position value of each point by a preset quantization scale value and then finding the nearest integer value by rounding the value obtained through the multiplication. Thus, one or more points may have the same quantized position (or position value). The quantizer 40001 according to the embodiments performs voxelization based on the quantized positions to reconstruct quantized points. As in the case of a pixel, which is the minimum unit containing 2D image/video information, points of point cloud content (or 3D point cloud video) according to the embodiments may be included in one or more voxels. The term voxel, which is a compound of volume and pixel, refers to a 3D cubic space generated when a 3D space is divided into units (unit=1.0) based on the axes representing the 3D space (e.g., X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis). The quantizer 40001 may match groups of points in the 3D space with voxels. According to embodiments, one voxel may include only one point. According to embodiments, one voxel may include one or more points. In order to express one voxel as one point, the position of the center of a voxel may be set based on the positions of one or more points included in the voxel. In this case, attributes of all positions included in one voxel may be combined and assigned to the voxel.

The octree analyzer 40002 according to the embodiments performs octree geometry coding (or octree coding) to present voxels in an octree structure. The octree structure represents points matched with voxels, based on the octal tree structure.

The surface approximation analyzer 40003 according to the embodiments may analyze and approximate the octree. The octree analysis and approximation according to the embodiments is a process of analyzing a region containing a plurality of points to efficiently provide octree and voxelization.

The arithmetic encoder 40004 according to the embodiments performs entropy encoding on the octree and/or the approximated octree. For example, the encoding scheme includes arithmetic encoding. As a result of the encoding, a geometry bitstream is generated.

The color transformer 40006, the attribute transformer 40007, the RAHT transformer 40008, the LOD generator 40009, the lifting transformer 40010, the coefficient quantizer 40011, and/or the arithmetic encoder 40012 perform attribute encoding. As described above, one point may have one or more attributes. The attribute encoding according to the embodiments is equally applied to the attributes that one point has. However, when an attribute (e.g., color) includes one or more elements, attribute encoding is independently applied to each element. The attribute encoding according to the embodiments includes color transform coding, attribute transform coding, region adaptive hierarchical transform (RAHT) coding, interpolation-based hierarchical nearest-neighbor prediction (prediction transform) coding, and interpolation-based hierarchical nearest-neighbor prediction with an update/lifting step (lifting transform) coding. Depending on the point cloud content, the RAHT coding, the prediction transform coding and the lifting transform coding described above may be selectively used, or a combination of one or more of the coding schemes may be used. The attribute encoding according to the embodiments is not limited to the above-described example.

The color transformer 40006 according to the embodiments performs color transform coding of transforming color values (or textures) included in the attributes. For example, the color transformer 40006 may transform the format of color information (for example, from RGB to YCbCr). The operation of the color transformer 40006 according to embodiments may be optionally applied according to the color values included in the attributes.

The geometry reconstructor 40005 according to the embodiments reconstructs (decompresses) the octree and/or the approximated octree. The geometry reconstructor 40005 reconstructs the octree/voxels based on the result of analyzing the distribution of points. The reconstructed octree/voxels may be referred to as reconstructed geometry (restored geometry).

The attribute transformer 40007 according to the embodiments performs attribute transformation to transform the attributes based on the reconstructed geometry and/or the positions on which geometry encoding is not performed. As described above, since the attributes are dependent on the geometry, the attribute transformer 40007 may transform the attributes based on the reconstructed geometry information. For example, based on the position value of a point included in a voxel, the attribute transformer 40007 may transform the attribute of the point at the position. As described above, when the position of the center of a voxel is set based on the positions of one or more points included in the voxel, the attribute transformer 40007 transforms the attributes of the one or more points. When the trisoup geometry encoding is performed, the attribute transformer 40007 may transform the attributes based on the trisoup geometry encoding.

The attribute transformer 40007 may perform the attribute transformation by calculating the average of attributes or attribute values of neighboring points (e.g., color or reflectance of each point) within a specific position/radius from the position (or position value) of the center of each voxel. The attribute transformer 40007 may apply a weight according to the distance from the center to each point in calculating the average. Accordingly, each voxel has a position and a calculated attribute (or attribute value).

The attribute transformer 40007 may search for neighboring points existing within a specific position/radius from the position of the center of each voxel based on the K-D tree or the Morton code. The K-D tree is a binary search tree and supports a data structure capable of managing points based on the positions such that nearest neighbor search (NNS) can be performed quickly. The Morton code is generated by presenting coordinates (e.g., (x, y, z)) representing 3D positions of all points as bit values and mixing the bits. For example, when the coordinates representing the position of a point are (5, 9, 1), the bit values for the coordinates are (0101, 1001, 0001). Mixing the bit values according to the bit index in order of z, y, and x yields 010001000111. This value is expressed as a decimal number of 1095. That is, the Morton code value of the point having coordinates (5, 9, 1) is 1095. The attribute transformer 40007 may order the points based on the Morton code values and perform NNS through a depth-first traversal process. After the attribute transformation operation, the K-D tree or the Morton code is used when the NNS is needed in another transformation process for attribute coding.

As shown in the figure, the transformed attributes are input to the RAHT transformer 40008 and/or the LOD generator 40009.

The RAHT transformer 40008 according to the embodiments performs RAHT coding for predicting attribute information based on the reconstructed geometry information. For example, the RAHT transformer 40008 may predict attribute information of a node at a higher level in the octree based on the attribute information associated with a node at a lower level in the octree.

The LOD generator 40009 according to the embodiments generates a level of detail (LOD) to perform prediction transform coding. The LOD according to the embodiments is a degree of detail of point cloud content. As the LOD value decrease, it indicates that the detail of the point cloud content is degraded. As the LOD value increases, it indicates that the detail of the point cloud content is enhanced. Points may be classified by the LOD.

The lifting transformer 40010 according to the embodiments performs lifting transform coding of transforming the attributes a point cloud based on weights. As described above, lifting transform coding may be optionally applied.

The coefficient quantizer 40011 according to the embodiments quantizes the attribute-coded attributes based on coefficients.

The arithmetic encoder 40012 according to the embodiments encodes the quantized attributes based on arithmetic coding.

Although not shown in the figure, the elements of the point cloud encoder of FIG. 4 may be implemented by hardware including one or more processors or integrated circuits configured to communicate with one or more memories included in the point cloud providing device, software, firmware, or a combination thereof. The one or more processors may perform at least one of the operations and/or functions of the elements of the point cloud encoder of FIG. 4 described above. Additionally, the one or more processors may operate or execute a set of software programs and/or instructions for performing the operations and/or functions of the elements of the point cloud encoder of FIG. 4 . The one or more memories according to the embodiments may include a high speed random access memory, or include a non-volatile memory (e.g., one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices).

FIG. 5 shows an example of voxels according to embodiments.

FIG. 5 shows voxels positioned in a 3D space represented by a coordinate system composed of three axes, which are the X-axis, the Y-axis, and the Z-axis. As described with reference to FIG. 4 , the point cloud encoder (e.g., the quantizer 40001) may perform voxelization. Voxel refers to a 3D cubic space generated when a 3D space is divided into units (unit=1.0) based on the axes representing the 3D space (e.g., X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis). FIG. 5 shows an example of voxels generated through an octree structure in which a cubical axis-aligned bounding box defined by two poles (0, 0, 0) and (2^(d), 2^(d), 2^(d)) is recursively subdivided. One voxel includes at least one point. The spatial coordinates of a voxel may be estimated from the positional relationship with a voxel group. As described above, a voxel has an attribute (such as color or reflectance) like pixels of a 2D image/video. The details of the voxel are the same as those described with reference to FIG. 4 , and therefore a description thereof is omitted.

FIG. 6 shows an example of an octree and occupancy code according to embodiments.

As described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 4 , the point cloud content providing system (point cloud video encoder 10002) or the point cloud encoder (for example, the octree analyzer 40002) performs octree geometry coding (or octree coding) based on an octree structure to efficiently manage the region and/or position of the voxel.

The upper part of FIG. 6 shows an octree structure. The 3D space of the point cloud content according to the embodiments is represented by axes (e.g., X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis) of the coordinate system. The octree structure is created by recursive subdividing of a cubical axis-aligned bounding box defined by two poles (0, 0, 0) and (2^(d), 2^(d), 2^(d)). Here, 2d may be set to a value constituting the smallest bounding box surrounding all points of the point cloud content (or point cloud video). Here, d denotes the depth of the octree. The value of d is determined in the following equation. In the following equation, (x_(n) ^(int), y_(n) ^(int), z_(n) ^(int)) denotes the positions (or position values) of quantized points.

d=Ceil(Log 2(Max(x _(n) ^(int) ,y _(n) ^(int) ,z _(n) ^(int) ,n=1, . . . ,N)+1))

As shown in the middle of the upper part of FIG. 6 , the entire 3D space may be divided into eight spaces according to partition. Each divided space is represented by a cube with six faces. As shown in the upper right of FIG. 6 , each of the eight spaces is divided again based on the axes of the coordinate system (e.g., X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis). Accordingly, each space is divided into eight smaller spaces. The divided smaller space is also represented by a cube with six faces. This partitioning scheme is applied until the leaf node of the octree becomes a voxel.

The lower part of FIG. 6 shows an octree occupancy code. The occupancy code of the octree is generated to indicate whether each of the eight divided spaces generated by dividing one space contains at least one point. Accordingly, a single occupancy code is represented by eight child nodes. Each child node represents the occupancy of a divided space, and the child node has a value in 1 bit. Accordingly, the occupancy code is represented as an 8-bit code. That is, when at least one point is contained in the space corresponding to a child node, the node is assigned a value of 1. When no point is contained in the space corresponding to the child node (the space is empty), the node is assigned a value of 0. Since the occupancy code shown in FIG. 6 is 00100001, it indicates that the spaces corresponding to the third child node and the eighth child node among the eight child nodes each contain at least one point. As shown in the figure, each of the third child node and the eighth child node has eight child nodes, and the child nodes are represented by an 8-bit occupancy code. The figure shows that the occupancy code of the third child node is 10000111, and the occupancy code of the eighth child node is 01001111. The point cloud encoder (for example, the arithmetic encoder 40004) according to the embodiments may perform entropy encoding on the occupancy codes. In order to increase the compression efficiency, the point cloud encoder may perform intra/inter-coding on the occupancy codes. The reception device (for example, the reception device 10004 or the point cloud video decoder 10006) according to the embodiments reconstructs the octree based on the occupancy codes.

The point cloud encoder (for example, the point cloud encoder of FIG. 4 or the octree analyzer 40002) according to the embodiments may perform voxelization and octree coding to store the positions of points. However, points are not always evenly distributed in the 3D space, and accordingly there may be a specific region in which fewer points are present. Accordingly, it is inefficient to perform voxelization for the entire 3D space. For example, when a specific region contains few points, voxelization does not need to be performed in the specific region.

Accordingly, for the above-described specific region (or a node other than the leaf node of the octree), the point cloud encoder according to the embodiments may skip voxelization and perform direct coding to directly code the positions of points included in the specific region. The coordinates of a direct coding point according to the embodiments are referred to as direct coding mode (DCM). The point cloud encoder according to the embodiments may also perform trisoup geometry encoding, which is to reconstruct the positions of the points in the specific region (or node) based on voxels, based on a surface model. The trisoup geometry encoding is geometry encoding that represents an object as a series of triangular meshes. Accordingly, the point cloud decoder may generate a point cloud from the mesh surface. The direct coding and trisoup geometry encoding according to the embodiments may be selectively performed. In addition, the direct coding and trisoup geometry encoding according to the embodiments may be performed in combination with octree geometry coding (or octree coding).

To perform direct coding, the option to use the direct mode for applying direct coding should be activated. A node to which direct coding is to be applied is not a leaf node, and points less than a threshold should be present within a specific node. In addition, the total number of points to which direct coding is to be applied should not exceed a preset threshold. When the conditions above are satisfied, the point cloud encoder (or the arithmetic encoder 40004) according to the embodiments may perform entropy coding on the positions (or position values) of the points.

The point cloud encoder (for example, the surface approximation analyzer 40003) according to the embodiments may determine a specific level of the octree (a level less than the depth d of the octree), and the surface model may be used staring with that level to perform trisoup geometry encoding to reconstruct the positions of points in the region of the node based on voxels (Trisoup mode). The point cloud encoder according to the embodiments may specify a level at which trisoup geometry encoding is to be applied. For example, when the specific level is equal to the depth of the octree, the point cloud encoder does not operate in the trisoup mode. In other words, the point cloud encoder according to the embodiments may operate in the trisoup mode only when the specified level is less than the value of depth of the octree. The 3D cube region of the nodes at the specified level according to the embodiments is called a block. One block may include one or more voxels. The block or voxel may correspond to a brick. Geometry is represented as a surface within each block. The surface according to embodiments may intersect with each edge of a block at most once.

One block has 12 edges, and accordingly there are at least 12 intersections in one block. Each intersection is called a vertex (or apex). A vertex present along an edge is detected when there is at least one occupied voxel adjacent to the edge among all blocks sharing the edge. The occupied voxel according to the embodiments refers to a voxel containing a point. The position of the vertex detected along the edge is the average position along the edge of all voxels adjacent to the edge among all blocks sharing the edge.

Once the vertex is detected, the point cloud encoder according to the embodiments may perform entropy encoding on the starting point (x, y, z) of the edge, the direction vector (Δx, Δy, Δz) of the edge, and the vertex position value (relative position value within the edge). When the trisoup geometry encoding is applied, the point cloud encoder according to the embodiments (for example, the geometry reconstructor 40005) may generate restored geometry (reconstructed geometry) by performing the triangle reconstruction, up-sampling, and voxelization processes.

The vertices positioned at the edge of the block determine a surface that passes through the block. The surface according to the embodiments is a non-planar polygon. In the triangle reconstruction process, a surface represented by a triangle is reconstructed based on the starting point of the edge, the direction vector of the edge, and the position values of the vertices. The triangle reconstruction process is performed by: i) calculating the centroid value of each vertex, ii) subtracting the center value from each vertex value, and iii) estimating the sum of the squares of the values obtained by the subtraction.

$\begin{matrix} {{\begin{bmatrix} \mu_{x} \\ \mu_{y} \\ \mu_{z} \end{bmatrix} = {\frac{1}{n}{\sum_{i = 1}^{n}\begin{bmatrix} x_{i} \\ y_{i} \\ z_{i} \end{bmatrix}}}};} & \left. i \right) \end{matrix}$ $\begin{matrix} {{\begin{bmatrix} {\overset{\_}{x}}_{i} \\ {\overset{\_}{y}}_{i} \\ {\overset{\_}{z}}_{i} \end{bmatrix} = {\begin{bmatrix} x_{i} \\ y_{i} \\ z_{i} \end{bmatrix} - \begin{bmatrix} \mu_{x} \\ \mu_{y} \\ \mu_{z} \end{bmatrix}}};} & \left. {ii} \right) \end{matrix}$ $\begin{matrix} {\begin{bmatrix} \sigma_{x}^{2} \\ \sigma_{y}^{2} \\ \sigma_{z}^{2} \end{bmatrix} = {\sum_{i = 1}^{n}\begin{bmatrix} {\overset{\_}{x}}_{i}^{2} \\ {\overset{\_}{y}}_{i}^{2} \\ {\overset{\_}{x}}_{i}^{2} \end{bmatrix}}} & \left. {iii} \right) \end{matrix}$

The minimum value of the sum is estimated, and the projection process is performed according to the axis with the minimum value. For example, when the element x is the minimum, each vertex is projected on the x-axis with respect to the center of the block, and projected on the (y, z) plane. When the values obtained through projection on the (y, z) plane are (ai, bi), the value of θ is estimated through atan 2(bi, ai), and the vertices are ordered based on the value of θ. The table below shows a combination of vertices for creating a triangle according to the number of the vertices. The vertices are ordered from 1 to n. The table below shows that for four vertices, two triangles may be constructed according to combinations of vertices. The first triangle may consist of vertices 1, 2, and 3 among the ordered vertices, and the second triangle may consist of vertices 3, 4, and 1 among the ordered vertices.

TABLE 2-1 Triangles formed from vertices ordered 1, . . . , n n triangles 3 (1, 2, 3) 4 (1, 2, 3), (3, 4, 1) 5 (1, 2, 3), (3, 4, 5), (5, 1, 3) 6 (1, 2, 3), (3, 4, 5), (5, 6, 1), (1, 3, 5) 7 (1, 2, 3), (3, 4, 5), (5, 6, 7), (7, 1, 3), (3, 5, 7) 8 (1, 2, 3), (3, 4, 5), (5, 6, 7), (7, 8, 1), (1, 3, 5), (5, 7, 1) 9 (1, 2, 3), (3, 4, 5), (5, 6, 7), (7, 8, 9), (9, 1, 3), (3, 5, 7), (7, 9, 3) 10 (1, 2, 3), (3, 4, 5), (5, 6, 7), (7, 8, 9), (9, 10, 1), (1, 3, 5), (5, 7, 9), (9, 1, 5) 11 (1, 2, 3), (3, 4, 5), (5, 6, 7), (7, 8, 9), (9, 10, 11), (11, 1, 3), (3, 5, 7), (7, 9, 11), (11, 3, 7) 12 (1, 2, 3), (3, 4, 5), (5, 6, 7), (7, 8, 9), (9, 10, 11), (11, 12, 1), (1, 3, 5), (5, 7, 9), (9, 11, 1), (1, 5, 9)

The upsampling process is performed to add points in the middle along the edge of the triangle and perform voxelization. The added points are generated based on the upsampling factor and the width of the block. The added points are called refined vertices. The point cloud encoder according to the embodiments may voxelize the refined vertices. In addition, the point cloud encoder may perform attribute encoding based on the voxelized positions (or position values).

FIG. 7 shows an example of a neighbor node pattern according to embodiments.

In order to increase the compression efficiency of the point cloud video, the point cloud encoder according to the embodiments may perform entropy coding based on context adaptive arithmetic coding.

As described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 6 , the point cloud content providing system or the point cloud encoder (for example, the point cloud video encoder 10002, the point cloud encoder or arithmetic encoder 40004 of FIG. 4 ) may perform entropy coding on the occupancy code immediately. In addition, the point cloud content providing system or the point cloud encoder may perform entropy encoding (intra encoding) based on the occupancy code of the current node and the occupancy of neighboring nodes, or perform entropy encoding (inter encoding) based on the occupancy code of the previous frame. A frame according to embodiments represents a set of point cloud videos generated at the same time. The compression efficiency of intra encoding/inter encoding according to the embodiments may depend on the number of neighboring nodes that are referenced. When the bits increase, the operation becomes complicated, but the encoding may be biased to one side, which may increase the compression efficiency. For example, when a 3-bit context is given, coding needs to be performed using 23=8 methods. The part divided for coding affects the complexity of implementation. Accordingly, it is necessary to meet an appropriate level of compression efficiency and complexity.

FIG. 7 illustrates a process of obtaining an occupancy pattern based on the occupancy of neighbor nodes. The point cloud encoder according to the embodiments determines occupancy of neighbor nodes of each node of the octree and obtains a value of a neighbor pattern. The neighbor node pattern is used to infer the occupancy pattern of the node. The left part of FIG. 7 shows a cube corresponding to a node (a cube positioned in the middle) and six cubes (neighbor nodes) sharing at least one face with the cube. The nodes shown in the figure are nodes of the same depth. The numbers shown in the figure represent weights (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32) associated with the six nodes, respectively. The weights are assigned sequentially according to the positions of neighboring nodes.

The right part of FIG. 7 shows neighbor node pattern values. A neighbor node pattern value is the sum of values multiplied by the weight of an occupied neighbor node (a neighbor node having a point). Accordingly, the neighbor node pattern values are 0 to 63. When the neighbor node pattern value is 0, it indicates that there is no node having a point (no occupied node) among the neighbor nodes of the node. When the neighbor node pattern value is 63, it indicates that all neighbor nodes are occupied nodes. As shown in the figure, since neighbor nodes to which weights 1, 2, 4, and 8 are assigned are occupied nodes, the neighbor node pattern value is 15, the sum of 1, 2, 4, and 8. The point cloud encoder may perform coding according to the neighbor node pattern value (for example, when the neighbor node pattern value is 63, 64 kinds of coding may be performed). According to embodiments, the point cloud encoder may reduce coding complexity by changing a neighbor node pattern value (for example, based on a table by which 64 is changed to 10 or 6).

FIG. 8 illustrates an example of point configuration in each LOD according to embodiments.

As described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 7 , encoded geometry is reconstructed (decompressed) before attribute encoding is performed. When direct coding is applied, the geometry reconstruction operation may include changing the placement of direct coded points (e.g., placing the direct coded points in front of the point cloud data). When trisoup geometry encoding is applied, the geometry reconstruction process is performed through triangle reconstruction, up-sampling, and voxelization. Since the attribute depends on the geometry, attribute encoding is performed based on the reconstructed geometry.

The point cloud encoder (for example, the LOD generator 40009) may classify (reorganize) points by LOD. The figure shows the point cloud content corresponding to LODs. The leftmost picture in the figure represents original point cloud content. The second picture from the left of the figure represents distribution of the points in the lowest LOD, and the rightmost picture in the figure represents distribution of the points in the highest LOD. That is, the points in the lowest LOD are sparsely distributed, and the points in the highest LOD are densely distributed. That is, as the LOD rises in the direction pointed by the arrow indicated at the bottom of the figure, the space (or distance) between points is narrowed.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of point configuration for each LOD according to embodiments.

As described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 8 , the point cloud content providing system, or the point cloud encoder (for example, the point cloud video encoder 10002, the point cloud encoder of FIG. 4 , or the LOD generator 40009) may generates an LOD. The LOD is generated by reorganizing the points into a set of refinement levels according to a set LOD distance value (or a set of Euclidean distances). The LOD generation process is performed not only by the point cloud encoder, but also by the point cloud decoder.

The upper part of FIG. 9 shows examples (P0 to P9) of points of the point cloud content distributed in a 3D space. In FIG. 9 , the original order represents the order of points P0 to P9 before LOD generation. In FIG. 9 , the LOD based order represents the order of points according to the LOD generation. Points are reorganized by LOD. Also, a high LOD contains the points belonging to lower LODs. As shown in FIG. 9 , LOD0 contains P0, P5, P4 and P2. LOD1 contains the points of LOD0, P1, P6 and P3. LOD2 contains the points of LOD0, the points of LOD1, P9, P8 and P7.

As described with reference to FIG. 4 , the point cloud encoder according to the embodiments may perform prediction transform coding, lifting transform coding, and RAHT transform coding selectively or in combination.

The point cloud encoder according to the embodiments may generate a predictor for points to perform prediction transform coding for setting a predicted attribute (or predicted attribute value) of each point. That is, N predictors may be generated for N points. The predictor according to the embodiments may calculate a weight (=1/distance) based on the LOD value of each point, indexing information about neighboring points present within a set distance for each LOD, and a distance to the neighboring points.

The predicted attribute (or attribute value) according to the embodiments is set to the average of values obtained by multiplying the attributes (or attribute values) (e.g., color, reflectance, etc.) of neighbor points set in the predictor of each point by a weight (or weight value) calculated based on the distance to each neighbor point. The point cloud encoder according to the embodiments (for example, the coefficient quantizer 40011) may quantize and inversely quantize the residuals (which may be called residual attributes, residual attribute values, or attribute prediction residuals) obtained by subtracting a predicted attribute (attribute value) from the attribute (attribute value) of each point. The quantization process is configured as shown in the following table.

TABLE Attribute prediction residuals quantization pseudo code int PCCQuantization(int value, int quantStep) { if( value >=0) { return floor(value / quantStep + 1.0 / 3.0); } else { return -floor(-value / quantStep + 1.0 / 3.0); } }

TABLE Attribute prediction residuals inverse quantization pseudo code int PCCInverseQuantization(int value, int quantStep) { if( quantStep ==0) { return value; } else { return value * quantStep; } }

When the predictor of each point has neighbor points, the point cloud encoder (e.g., the arithmetic encoder 40012) according to the embodiments may perform entropy coding on the quantized and inversely quantized residual values as described above. When the predictor of each point has no neighbor point, the point cloud encoder according to the embodiments (for example, the arithmetic encoder 40012) may perform entropy coding on the attributes of the corresponding point without performing the above-described operation.

The point cloud encoder according to the embodiments (for example, the lifting transformer 40010) may generate a predictor of each point, set the calculated LOD and register neighbor points in the predictor, and set weights according to the distances to neighbor points to perform lifting transform coding. The lifting transform coding according to the embodiments is similar to the above-described prediction transform coding, but differs therefrom in that weights are cumulatively applied to attribute values. The process of cumulatively applying weights to the attribute values according to embodiments is configured as follows.

1) Create an array Quantization Weight (QW) for storing the weight value of each point. The initial value of all elements of QW is 1.0. Multiply the QW values of the predictor indexes of the neighbor nodes registered in the predictor by the weight of the predictor of the current point, and add the values obtained by the multiplication.

2) Lift prediction process: Subtract the value obtained by multiplying the attribute value of the point by the weight from the existing attribute value to calculate a predicted attribute value.

3) Create temporary arrays called updateweight and update and initialize the temporary arrays to zero.

4) Cumulatively add the weights calculated by multiplying the weights calculated for all predictors by a weight stored in the QW corresponding to a predictor index to the updateweight array as indexes of neighbor nodes. Cumulatively add, to the update array, a value obtained by multiplying the attribute value of the index of a neighbor node by the calculated weight.

5) Lift update process: Divide the attribute values of the update array for all predictors by the weight value of the updateweight array of the predictor index, and add the existing attribute value to the values obtained by the division.

6) Calculate predicted attributes by multiplying the attribute values updated through the lift update process by the weight updated through the lift prediction process (stored in the QW) for all predictors. The point cloud encoder (e.g., coefficient quantizer 40011) according to the embodiments quantizes the predicted attribute values. In addition, the point cloud encoder (e.g., the arithmetic encoder 40012) performs entropy coding on the quantized attribute values.

The point cloud encoder (for example, the RAHT transformer 40008) according to the embodiments may perform RAHT transform coding in which attributes of nodes of a higher level are predicted using the attributes associated with nodes of a lower level in the octree. RAHT transform coding is an example of attribute intra coding through an octree backward scan. The point cloud encoder according to the embodiments scans the entire region from the voxel and repeats the merging process of merging the voxels into a larger block at each step until the root node is reached. The merging process according to the embodiments is performed only on the occupied nodes. The merging process is not performed on the empty node. The merging process is performed on an upper node immediately above the empty node.

The equation below represents a RAHT transformation matrix. In the equation, g_(l) _(x,y,z) denotes the average attribute value of voxels at level l. g_(l) _(x,y,z) may be calculated based on g_(l+1) _(2x,y,z) and g_(l+1) _(2x+1,y,z) . The weights for g_(l) _(2x,y,z) and g_(l) _(2x+1,y,z) are w1=w_(l) _(2x,y,z) and w2=w_(l) _(2x+1,y,z) .

${\left\lceil \begin{matrix} g_{l - 1_{x,y,z}} \\ h_{l - 1_{x,y,z}} \end{matrix} \right\rceil = {T_{w1w2}\left\lceil \begin{matrix} g_{l_{{2x},y,z}} \\ g_{l_{{{2x} + 1},y,z}} \end{matrix} \right\rceil}},{T_{w1w2} = {\frac{1}{\sqrt{{w1} + {w2}}}\begin{bmatrix} \sqrt{w1} & \sqrt{w2} \\ {- \sqrt{w2}} & \sqrt{w1} \end{bmatrix}}}$

Here, g_(l−1) _(x,y,z) is a low-pass value and is used in the merging process at the next higher level. h_(l−1) _(x,y,z) denotes high-pass coefficients. The high-pass coefficients at each step are quantized and subjected to entropy coding (for example, encoding by the arithmetic encoder 400012). The weights are calculated as w_(l) _(−1x,y,z) =w_(l) _(2x,y,z) +w_(l) _(2x+1,y,z) . The root node is created through the g₁ _(0,0,0) and g₁ _(0,0,1) as follows.

$\left\lceil \begin{matrix} {gDC} \\ h_{0_{0,0,0}} \end{matrix} \right\rceil = {T_{w1000w1001}\left\lceil \begin{matrix} g_{1_{0,0,{0z}}} \\ g_{1_{0,0,1}} \end{matrix} \right\rceil}$

FIG. 10 illustrates a point cloud decoder according to embodiments.

The point cloud decoder illustrated in FIG. 10 is an example of the point cloud video decoder 10006 described in FIG. 1 , and may perform the same or similar operations as the operations of the point cloud video decoder 10006 illustrated in FIG. 1 . As shown in the figure, the point cloud decoder may receive a geometry bitstream and an attribute bitstream contained in one or more bitstreams. The point cloud decoder includes a geometry decoder and an attribute decoder. The geometry decoder performs geometry decoding on the geometry bitstream and outputs decoded geometry. The attribute decoder performs attribute decoding based on the decoded geometry and the attribute bitstream, and outputs decoded attributes. The decoded geometry and decoded attributes are used to reconstruct point cloud content (a decoded point cloud).

FIG. 11 illustrates a point cloud decoder according to embodiments.

The point cloud decoder illustrated in FIG. 11 is an example of the point cloud decoder illustrated in FIG. 10 , and may perform a decoding operation, which is an inverse process of the encoding operation of the point cloud encoder illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 9 .

As described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 10 , the point cloud decoder may perform geometry decoding and attribute decoding. The geometry decoding is performed before the attribute decoding.

The point cloud decoder according to the embodiments includes an arithmetic decoder (Arithmetic decode) 11000, an octree synthesizer (Synthesize octree) 11001, a surface approximation synthesizer (Synthesize surface approximation) 11002, and a geometry reconstructor (Reconstruct geometry) 11003, a coordinate inverse transformer (Inverse transform coordinates) 11004, an arithmetic decoder (Arithmetic decode) 11005, an inverse quantizer (Inverse quantize) 11006, a RAHT transformer 11007, an LOD generator (Generate LOD) 11008, an inverse lifter (inverse lifting) 11009, and/or a color inverse transformer (Inverse transform colors) 11010.

The arithmetic decoder 11000, the octree synthesizer 11001, the surface approximation synthesizer 11002, the geometry reconstructor 11003, and the coordinate inverse transformer 11004 may perform geometry decoding. The geometry decoding according to the embodiments may include direct coding and trisoup geometry decoding. The direct coding and trisoup geometry decoding are selectively applied. The geometry decoding is not limited to the above-described example, and is performed as an inverse process of the geometry encoding described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 9 .

The arithmetic decoder 11000 according to the embodiments decodes the received geometry bitstream based on the arithmetic coding. The operation of the arithmetic decoder 11000 corresponds to the inverse process of the arithmetic encoder 40004.

The octree synthesizer 11001 according to the embodiments may generate an octree by acquiring an occupancy code from the decoded geometry bitstream (or information on the geometry secured as a result of decoding). The occupancy code is configured as described in detail with reference to FIGS. 1 to 9 .

When the trisoup geometry encoding is applied, the surface approximation synthesizer 11002 according to the embodiments may synthesize a surface based on the decoded geometry and/or the generated octree.

The geometry reconstructor 11003 according to the embodiments may regenerate geometry based on the surface and/or the decoded geometry. As described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 9 , direct coding and trisoup geometry encoding are selectively applied. Accordingly, the geometry reconstructor 11003 directly imports and adds position information about the points to which direct coding is applied. When the trisoup geometry encoding is applied, the geometry reconstructor 11003 may reconstruct the geometry by performing the reconstruction operations of the geometry reconstructor 40005, for example, triangle reconstruction, up-sampling, and voxelization. Details are the same as those described with reference to FIG. 6 , and thus description thereof is omitted. The reconstructed geometry may include a point cloud picture or frame that does not contain attributes.

The coordinate inverse transformer 11004 according to the embodiments may acquire positions of the points by transforming the coordinates based on the reconstructed geometry.

The arithmetic decoder 11005, the inverse quantizer 11006, the RAHT transformer 11007, the LOD generator 11008, the inverse lifter 11009, and/or the color inverse transformer 11010 may perform the attribute decoding described with reference to FIG. 10 . The attribute decoding according to the embodiments includes region adaptive hierarchical transform (RAHT) decoding, interpolation-based hierarchical nearest-neighbor prediction (prediction transform) decoding, and interpolation-based hierarchical nearest-neighbor prediction with an update/lifting step (lifting transform) decoding. The three decoding schemes described above may be used selectively, or a combination of one or more decoding schemes may be used. The attribute decoding according to the embodiments is not limited to the above-described example.

The arithmetic decoder 11005 according to the embodiments decodes the attribute bitstream by arithmetic coding.

The inverse quantizer 11006 according to the embodiments inversely quantizes the information about the decoded attribute bitstream or attributes secured as a result of the decoding, and outputs the inversely quantized attributes (or attribute values). The inverse quantization may be selectively applied based on the attribute encoding of the point cloud encoder.

According to embodiments, the RAHT transformer 11007, the LOD generator 11008, and/or the inverse lifter 11009 may process the reconstructed geometry and the inversely quantized attributes. As described above, the RAHT transformer 11007, the LOD generator 11008, and/or the inverse lifter 11009 may selectively perform a decoding operation corresponding to the encoding of the point cloud encoder.

The color inverse transformer 11010 according to the embodiments performs inverse transform coding to inversely transform a color value (or texture) included in the decoded attributes. The operation of the color inverse transformer 11010 may be selectively performed based on the operation of the color transformer 40006 of the point cloud encoder.

Although not shown in the figure, the elements of the point cloud decoder of FIG. 11 may be implemented by hardware including one or more processors or integrated circuits configured to communicate with one or more memories included in the point cloud providing device, software, firmware, or a combination thereof. The one or more processors may perform at least one or more of the operations and/or functions of the elements of the point cloud decoder of FIG. 11 described above. Additionally, the one or more processors may operate or execute a set of software programs and/or instructions for performing the operations and/or functions of the elements of the point cloud decoder of FIG. 11 .

FIG. 12 illustrates a transmission device according to embodiments.

The transmission device shown in FIG. 12 is an example of the transmission device 10000 of FIG. 1 (or the point cloud encoder of FIG. 4 ). The transmission device illustrated in FIG. 12 may perform one or more of the operations and methods the same as or similar to those of the point cloud encoder described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 9 . The transmission device according to the embodiments may include a data input unit 12000, a quantization processor 12001, a voxelization processor 12002, an octree occupancy code generator 12003, a surface model processor 12004, an intra/inter-coding processor 12005, an arithmetic coder 12006, a metadata processor 12007, a color transform processor 12008, an attribute transform processor 12009, a prediction/lifting/RAHT transform processor 12010, an arithmetic coder 12011 and/or a transmission processor 12012.

The data input unit 12000 according to the embodiments receives or acquires point cloud data. The data input unit 12000 may perform an operation and/or acquisition method the same as or similar to the operation and/or acquisition method of the point cloud video acquirer 10001 (or the acquisition process 20000 described with reference to FIG. 2 ).

The data input unit 12000, the quantization processor 12001, the voxelization processor 12002, the octree occupancy code generator 12003, the surface model processor 12004, the intra/inter-coding processor 12005, and the arithmetic coder 12006 perform geometry encoding. The geometry encoding according to the embodiments is the same as or similar to the geometry encoding described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 9 , and thus a detailed description thereof is omitted.

The quantization processor 12001 according to the embodiments quantizes geometry (e.g., position values of points). The operation and/or quantization of the quantization processor 12001 is the same as or similar to the operation and/or quantization of the quantizer 40001 described with reference to FIG. 4 . Details are the same as those described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 9 .

The voxelization processor 12002 according to the embodiments voxelizes the quantized position values of the points. The voxelization processor 120002 may perform an operation and/or process the same or similar to the operation and/or the voxelization process of the quantizer 40001 described with reference to FIG. 4 . Details are the same as those described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 9 .

The octree occupancy code generator 12003 according to the embodiments performs octree coding on the voxelized positions of the points based on an octree structure. The octree occupancy code generator 12003 may generate an occupancy code. The octree occupancy code generator 12003 may perform an operation and/or method the same as or similar to the operation and/or method of the point cloud encoder (or the octree analyzer 40002) described with reference to FIGS. 4 and 6 . Details are the same as those described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 9 .

The surface model processor 12004 according to the embodiments may perform trigsoup geometry encoding based on a surface model to reconstruct the positions of points in a specific region (or node) on a voxel basis. The surface model processor 12004 may perform an operation and/or method the same as or similar to the operation and/or method of the point cloud encoder (for example, the surface approximation analyzer 40003) described with reference to FIG. 4 . Details are the same as those described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 9 .

The intra/inter-coding processor 12005 according to the embodiments may perform intra/inter-coding on point cloud data. The intra/inter-coding processor 12005 may perform coding the same as or similar to the intra/inter-coding described with reference to FIG. 7 . Details are the same as those described with reference to FIG. 7 . According to embodiments, the intra/inter-coding processor 12005 may be included in the arithmetic coder 12006.

The arithmetic coder 12006 according to the embodiments performs entropy encoding on an octree of the point cloud data and/or an approximated octree. For example, the encoding scheme includes arithmetic encoding. The arithmetic coder 12006 performs an operation and/or method the same as or similar to the operation and/or method of the arithmetic encoder 40004.

The metadata processor 12007 according to the embodiments processes metadata about the point cloud data, for example, a set value, and provides the same to a necessary processing process such as geometry encoding and/or attribute encoding. Also, the metadata processor 12007 according to the embodiments may generate and/or process signaling information related to the geometry encoding and/or the attribute encoding. The signaling information according to the embodiments may be encoded separately from the geometry encoding and/or the attribute encoding. The signaling information according to the embodiments may be interleaved.

The color transform processor 12008, the attribute transform processor 12009, the prediction/lifting/RAHT transform processor 12010, and the arithmetic coder 12011 perform the attribute encoding. The attribute encoding according to the embodiments is the same as or similar to the attribute encoding described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 9 , and thus a detailed description thereof is omitted.

The color transform processor 12008 according to the embodiments performs color transform coding to transform color values included in attributes. The color transform processor 12008 may perform color transform coding based on the reconstructed geometry. The reconstructed geometry is the same as described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 9 . Also, it performs an operation and/or method the same as or similar to the operation and/or method of the color transformer 40006 described with reference to FIG. 4 is performed. The detailed description thereof is omitted.

The attribute transform processor 12009 according to the embodiments performs attribute transformation to transform the attributes based on the reconstructed geometry and/or the positions on which geometry encoding is not performed. The attribute transform processor 12009 performs an operation and/or method the same as or similar to the operation and/or method of the attribute transformer 40007 described with reference to FIG. 4 . The detailed description thereof is omitted. The prediction/lifting/RAHT transform processor 12010 according to the embodiments may code the transformed attributes by any one or a combination of RAHT coding, prediction transform coding, and lifting transform coding. The prediction/lifting/RAHT transform processor 12010 performs at least one of the operations the same as or similar to the operations of the RAHT transformer 40008, the LOD generator 40009, and the lifting transformer 40010 described with reference to FIG. 4 . In addition, the prediction transform coding, the lifting transform coding, and the RAHT transform coding are the same as those described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 9 , and thus a detailed description thereof is omitted.

The arithmetic coder 12011 according to the embodiments may encode the coded attributes based on the arithmetic coding. The arithmetic coder 12011 performs an operation and/or method the same as or similar to the operation and/or method of the arithmetic encoder 400012.

The transmission processor 12012 according to the embodiments may transmit each bitstream containing encoded geometry and/or encoded attributes and metadata information, or transmit one bitstream configured with the encoded geometry and/or the encoded attributes and the metadata information. When the encoded geometry and/or the encoded attributes and the metadata information according to the embodiments are configured into one bitstream, the bitstream may include one or more sub-bitstreams. The bitstream according to the embodiments may contain signaling information including a sequence parameter set (SPS) for signaling of a sequence level, a geometry parameter set (GPS) for signaling of geometry information coding, an attribute parameter set (APS) for signaling of attribute information coding, and a tile parameter set (TPS) for signaling of a tile level, and slice data. The slice data may include information about one or more slices. One slice according to embodiments may include one geometry bitstream Geom00 and one or more attribute bitstreams Attr00 and Attr10.

A slice refers to a series of syntax elements representing the entirety or part of a coded point cloud frame.

The TPS according to the embodiments may include information about each tile (for example, coordinate information and height/size information about a bounding box) for one or more tiles. The geometry bitstream may contain a header and a payload. The header of the geometry bitstream according to the embodiments may contain a parameter set identifier (geom_parameter_set_id), a tile identifier (geom_tile_id) and a slice identifier (geom_slice_id) included in the GPS, and information about the data contained in the payload. As described above, the metadata processor 12007 according to the embodiments may generate and/or process the signaling information and transmit the same to the transmission processor 12012. According to embodiments, the elements to perform geometry encoding and the elements to perform attribute encoding may share data/information with each other as indicated by dotted lines. The transmission processor 12012 according to the embodiments may perform an operation and/or transmission method the same as or similar to the operation and/or transmission method of the transmitter 10003. Details are the same as those described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2 , and thus a description thereof is omitted.

FIG. 13 illustrates a reception device according to embodiments.

The reception device illustrated in FIG. 13 is an example of the reception device 10004 of FIG. 1 (or the point cloud decoder of FIGS. 10 and 11 ). The reception device illustrated in FIG. 13 may perform one or more of the operations and methods the same as or similar to those of the point cloud decoder described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 11 .

The reception device according to the embodiment includes a receiver 13000, a reception processor 13001, an arithmetic decoder 13002, an occupancy code-based octree reconstruction processor 13003, a surface model processor (triangle reconstruction, up-sampling, voxelization) 13004, an inverse quantization processor 13005, a metadata parser 13006, an arithmetic decoder 13007, an inverse quantization processor 13008, a prediction/lifting/RAHT inverse transform processor 13009, a color inverse transform processor 13010, and/or a renderer 13011. Each element for decoding according to the embodiments may perform an inverse process of the operation of a corresponding element for encoding according to the embodiments.

The receiver 13000 according to the embodiments receives point cloud data. The receiver 13000 may perform an operation and/or reception method the same as or similar to the operation and/or reception method of the receiver 10005 of FIG. 1 . The detailed description thereof is omitted.

The reception processor 13001 according to the embodiments may acquire a geometry bitstream and/or an attribute bitstream from the received data. The reception processor 13001 may be included in the receiver 13000.

The arithmetic decoder 13002, the occupancy code-based octree reconstruction processor 13003, the surface model processor 13004, and the inverse quantization processor 13005 may perform geometry decoding. The geometry decoding according to embodiments is the same as or similar to the geometry decoding described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 10 , and thus a detailed description thereof is omitted.

The arithmetic decoder 13002 according to the embodiments may decode the geometry bitstream based on arithmetic coding. The arithmetic decoder 13002 performs an operation and/or coding the same as or similar to the operation and/or coding of the arithmetic decoder 11000.

The occupancy code-based octree reconstruction processor 13003 according to the embodiments may reconstruct an octree by acquiring an occupancy code from the decoded geometry bitstream (or information about the geometry secured as a result of decoding). The occupancy code-based octree reconstruction processor 13003 performs an operation and/or method the same as or similar to the operation and/or octree generation method of the octree synthesizer 11001. When the trisoup geometry encoding is applied, the surface model processor 13004 according to the embodiments may perform trisoup geometry decoding and related geometry reconstruction (for example, triangle reconstruction, up-sampling, voxelization) based on the surface model method. The surface model processor 13004 performs an operation the same as or similar to that of the surface approximation synthesizer 11002 and/or the geometry reconstructor 11003.

The inverse quantization processor 13005 according to the embodiments may inversely quantize the decoded geometry.

The metadata parser 13006 according to the embodiments may parse metadata contained in the received point cloud data, for example, a set value. The metadata parser 13006 may pass the metadata to geometry decoding and/or attribute decoding. The metadata is the same as that described with reference to FIG. 12 , and thus a detailed description thereof is omitted.

The arithmetic decoder 13007, the inverse quantization processor 13008, the prediction/lifting/RAHT inverse transform processor 13009 and the color inverse transform processor 13010 perform attribute decoding. The attribute decoding is the same as or similar to the attribute decoding described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 10 , and thus a detailed description thereof is omitted.

The arithmetic decoder 13007 according to the embodiments may decode the attribute bitstream by arithmetic coding. The arithmetic decoder 13007 may decode the attribute bitstream based on the reconstructed geometry. The arithmetic decoder 13007 performs an operation and/or coding the same as or similar to the operation and/or coding of the arithmetic decoder 11005.

The inverse quantization processor 13008 according to the embodiments may inversely quantize the decoded attribute bitstream. The inverse quantization processor 13008 performs an operation and/or method the same as or similar to the operation and/or inverse quantization method of the inverse quantizer 11006.

The prediction/lifting/RAHT inverse transformer 13009 according to the embodiments may process the reconstructed geometry and the inversely quantized attributes. The prediction/lifting/RAHT inverse transform processor 13009 performs one or more of operations and/or decoding the same as or similar to the operations and/or decoding of the RAHT transformer 11007, the LOD generator 11008, and/or the inverse lifter 11009. The color inverse transform processor 13010 according to the embodiments performs inverse transform coding to inversely transform color values (or textures) included in the decoded attributes. The color inverse transform processor 13010 performs an operation and/or inverse transform coding the same as or similar to the operation and/or inverse transform coding of the color inverse transformer 11010. The renderer 13011 according to the embodiments may render the point cloud data.

FIG. 14 illustrates an exemplary structure operable in connection with point cloud data transmission/reception methods/devices according to embodiments.

The structure of FIG. 14 represents a configuration in which at least one of a server 1460, a robot 1410, a self-driving vehicle 1420, an XR device 1430, a smartphone 1440, a home appliance 1450, and/or a head-mount display (HMD) 1470 is connected to the cloud network 1400. The robot 1410, the self-driving vehicle 1420, the XR device 1430, the smartphone 1440, or the home appliance 1450 is called a device. Further, the XR device 1430 may correspond to a point cloud data (PCC) device according to embodiments or may be operatively connected to the PCC device.

The cloud network 1400 may represent a network that constitutes part of the cloud computing infrastructure or is present in the cloud computing infrastructure. Here, the cloud network 1400 may be configured using a 3G network, 4G or Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, or a 5G network.

The server 1460 may be connected to at least one of the robot 1410, the self-driving vehicle 1420, the XR device 1430, the smartphone 1440, the home appliance 1450, and/or the HMD 1470 over the cloud network 1400 and may assist in at least a part of the processing of the connected devices 1410 to 1470.

The HMD 1470 represents one of the implementation types of the XR device and/or the PCC device according to the embodiments. The HMD type device according to the embodiments includes a communication unit, a control unit, a memory, an I/O unit, a sensor unit, and a power supply unit.

Hereinafter, various embodiments of the devices 1410 to 1450 to which the above-described technology is applied will be described. The devices 1410 to 1450 illustrated in FIG. 14 may be operatively connected/coupled to a point cloud data transmission device and reception according to the above-described embodiments.

<PCC+XR>

The XR/PCC device 1430 may employ PCC technology and/or XR (AR+VR) technology, and may be implemented as an HMD, a head-up display (HUD) provided in a vehicle, a television, a mobile phone, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance, a digital signage, a vehicle, a stationary robot, or a mobile robot.

The XR/PCC device 1430 may analyze 3D point cloud data or image data acquired through various sensors or from an external device and generate position data and attribute data about 3D points. Thereby, the XR/PCC device 1430 may acquire information about the surrounding space or a real object, and render and output an XR object. For example, the XR/PCC device 1430 may match an XR object including auxiliary information about a recognized object with the recognized object and output the matched XR object.

<PCC+XR+Mobile phone>

The XR/PCC device 1430 may be implemented as a mobile phone 1440 by applying PCC technology.

The mobile phone 1440 may decode and display point cloud content based on the PCC technology.

<PCC+Self-driving+XR>

The self-driving vehicle 1420 may be implemented as a mobile robot, a vehicle, an unmanned aerial vehicle, or the like by applying the PCC technology and the XR technology.

The self-driving vehicle 1420 to which the XR/PCC technology is applied may represent a self-driving vehicle provided with means for providing an XR image, or a self-driving vehicle that is a target of control/interaction in the XR image. In particular, the self-driving vehicle 1420 which is a target of control/interaction in the XR image may be distinguished from the XR device 1430 and may be operatively connected thereto.

The self-driving vehicle 1420 having means for providing an XR/PCC image may acquire sensor information from sensors including a camera, and output the generated XR/PCC image based on the acquired sensor information. For example, the self-driving vehicle 1420 may have an HUD and output an XR/PCC image thereto, thereby providing an occupant with an XR/PCC object corresponding to a real object or an object present on the screen.

When the XR/PCC object is output to the HUD, at least a part of the XR/PCC object may be output to overlap the real object to which the occupant's eyes are directed. On the other hand, when the XR/PCC object is output on a display provided inside the self-driving vehicle, at least a part of the XR/PCC object may be output to overlap an object on the screen. For example, the self-driving vehicle 1220 may output XR/PCC objects corresponding to objects such as a road, another vehicle, a traffic light, a traffic sign, a two-wheeled vehicle, a pedestrian, and a building.

The virtual reality (VR) technology, the augmented reality (AR) technology, the mixed reality (MR) technology and/or the point cloud compression (PCC) technology according to the embodiments are applicable to various devices.

In other words, the VR technology is a display technology that provides only CG images of real-world objects, backgrounds, and the like. On the other hand, the AR technology refers to a technology that shows a virtually created CG image on the image of a real object. The MR technology is similar to the AR technology described above in that virtual objects to be shown are mixed and combined with the real world. However, the MR technology differs from the AR technology in that the AR technology makes a clear distinction between a real object and a virtual object created as a CG image and uses virtual objects as complementary objects for real objects, whereas the MR technology treats virtual objects as objects having equivalent characteristics as real objects. More specifically, an example of MR technology applications is a hologram service.

Recently, the VR, AR, and MR technologies are sometimes referred to as extended reality (XR) technology rather than being clearly distinguished from each other. Accordingly, embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable to any of the VR, AR, MR, and XR technologies. The encoding/decoding based on PCC, V-PCC, and G-PCC techniques is applicable to such technologies.

The PCC method/device according to the embodiments may be applied to a vehicle that provides a self-driving service.

A vehicle that provides the self-driving service is connected to a PCC device for wired/wireless communication.

When the point cloud data (PCC) transmission/reception device according to the embodiments is connected to a vehicle for wired/wireless communication, the device may receive/process content data related to an AR/VR/PCC service, which may be provided together with the self-driving service, and transmit the same to the vehicle. In the case where the PCC transmission/reception device is mounted on a vehicle, the PCC transmission/reception device may receive/process content data related to the AR/VR/PCC service according to a user input signal input through a user interface device and provide the same to the user. The vehicle or the user interface device according to the embodiments may receive a user input signal. The user input signal according to the embodiments may include a signal indicating the self-driving service.

The point cloud data transmission method/device according to embodiments may be construed as a term referring to the transmission device 10000 of FIG. 1 , the point cloud video encoder 10002 of FIG. 1 , the transmitter 10003 of FIG. 1 , the acquisition 20000/encoding 20001/transmission 20002 of FIG. 2 , the encoder of FIG. 4 , the transmission device of FIG. 12 , the device of FIG. 14 , the encoding process of FIGS. 20 and 22 , and the like.

The point cloud data reception method/device according to embodiments may be construed as a term referring to the reception device 10004 of FIG. 1 , the receiver 10005 of FIG. 1 , the point cloud video decoder 10006 of FIG. 1 , the transmission 20002/decoding 20003/rendering 20004 of FIG. 2 , the decoder of FIGS. 10 and 11 , the reception device of FIG. 13 , the device of FIG. 14 , the decoding process of FIGS. 21 and 23 , and the like.

The method/device for transmitting or receiving point cloud data according to the embodiments may be referred to simply as a method/device.

According to embodiments, geometry data, geometry information, and position information constituting point cloud data are to be construed as having the same meaning. Attribute data, attribute information, and attribute information constituting the point cloud data are to be construed as having the same meaning.

FIG. 15 illustrates a point cloud data encoding process according to embodiments.

The transmission device 10000 of FIG. 1 , the point cloud video encoder 10002, the encoding of FIG. 2 , the encoder of FIG. 4 , the transmission device of FIG. 12 , the device of FIG. 14 , the point cloud data transmission device of FIG. 17 , or the like may compress (encode) the point cloud data as shown in FIG. 15 . The reception device 10004 of FIG. 1 , the point cloud video decoder 10006, the decoding of FIG. 2 , the decoder of FIGS. 10 and 11 , the reception device of FIG. 13 , the device of FIG. 14 , the point cloud data reception device of FIG. 18 , or the like may decode the point cloud data shown in FIG. 15 , for example, geometry data with low latency.

The transmission device 10000 of FIG. 1 , the point cloud video encoder 10002, the encoding of FIG. 2 , the encoder of FIG. 4 , the transmission device of FIG. 13 , the device of FIG. 14 , the point cloud data transmission device of FIG. 17 , or the like may compress (encode) the point cloud data as shown in FIG. 15 using an optimal position structure based on asymmetric partitioning. The reception device 10004 of FIG. 1 , the point cloud video decoder 10006, the decoding of FIG. 2 , the decoder of FIGS. 10 and 11 , the reception device of FIG. 14 , the device of FIG. 14 , and the point cloud data reception device of FIG. 18 , or the like may decode the point cloud data shown in FIG. 15 with low latency.

Low-latency coding may be required for point cloud content. For example, point cloud data may be captured and transmitted from LiDAR in real time, or 3D map data may need to be processed in real time.

The method/device according to the embodiments may shorten the coding time for the predictive tree-based geometry information in geometry-based point cloud compression (G-PCC) geometry compression and reconstruction of cloud content requiring low-latency coding.

For example, the method/device according to the embodiments may efficiently search for a parent node to generate a predictive tree and may provide a signaling method to support such a process.

Embodiments relate to a method of selecting an attribute predictor to increase attribute compression efficiency of geometry-based point cloud compression (G-PCC) for 3D point cloud data compression. An encoder is referred to as an encoding device, and a decoder is referred to as a decoding device.

A point cloud (or point cloud data) according to embodiments is composed of a set of points, and each of the points may have geometry information and attribute information. The geometry information may be referred to as geometry data, geometry, or the like, and the attribute information may be referred to as attribute data, attributes, or the like. The geometry information is three-dimensional position (XYZ) information, and the attribute information includes a color (RGB, YUV, etc.) and/or a reflection value.

The G-PCC encoding operation may include compressing geometry and compressing attribute information based on a geometry reconstructed according to position information changed through the compression (wherein reconstructed geometry=decoded geometry). The G-PCC decoding operation may include receiving an encoded geometry bitstream and attribute bitstream, decoding geometry, and decoding attribute information based on the geometry reconstructed through the decoding.

For geometry information compression, an octree-based, trisoup-based, or predictive tree-based compression technique may be used. Hereinafter, a predictive tree-based geometry compression technique for supporting low-latency geometry compression according to embodiments will be described.

Low latency in the point cloud service may have a different importance for the encoder, the decoder, or both, depending on the usage scenario. For a real-time navigation system using a 3D map point cloud, for example, decoding speed may be important. When data is encoded, the data may be pre-stored in the server and only necessary data may be transmitted and decoded. Accordingly, in this use case, the decoding speed may be more important than the encoding speed. Alternatively, when a point cloud needs to be captured, compressed and transmitted in real time via LiDAR equipment, it may be important to reduce both encoding and decoding times. Real-time processing may be enabled by fast encoding, transmission with an appropriate level of compression, and fast decoding.

The predictive tree-based geometry compression technique, which targets low-latency geometry compression, may take a long time to perform encoding, and significantly save decoding time compared to the octree or trisoup-based geometry compression technique. This characteristic may require a low-latency processing method in scenarios where real-time capture/encoding/transmission/decoding is required. In such scenarios, both the encoding time and the decoding time are important.

The predictive tree-based geometry compression technique may take a long encoding time because a predictive tree is generated based on predicted points for all points. In particular, the KDTree, which is an intermediate search tree, may be used for the operation of searching for the optimal parent node for registration of a parent node in the predictive tree. The KDTree is capable of searching for near neighbor points, but may take a long time due to the large amount of computation in the tree generation process, which may lead to increase in the encoding time.

Accordingly, the predictive tree-based compression technique may be applied for low-latency geometry information compression, but may obstruct low latency due to the use of KDTree in generating a predictive tree.

Therefore, in this embodiment, in order to support low latency from the capture to decoding of point cloud data, the KDTree according to the embodiments utilized to generate a predictive tree may be replaced in compressing predictive tree-based geometry information. The method/device according to the embodiments may reduce the execution time of point cloud data processing while providing high accuracy.

The method/device according to the embodiments may encode and decode point cloud data based on the following flowchart. Each operation may be performed by the point cloud data transmission/reception device according to the embodiments, which may be implemented by hardware including one or more processors or integrated circuits configured to be communicable with one or more memories, software, firmware, or a combination thereof.

The predictive tree-based geometry compression technique may be carried out by a PCC geometry encoder of a PCC encoder, and the geometry may be reconstructed through a PCC geometry decoding operation of a PCC decoder.

15000: Sort Points

Before generating a predictive tree, the method/device according to the embodiments may sort one or more points (Points [*]) by Morton code, radius, azimuth, elevation, sensor ID, or capture time. The sorting method may be configured according to the characteristics of content. For example, for content in the form of spinning data captured by LiDAR equipment, a predictive tree may be efficiently generated by sorting points based on the azimuth.

Since tree generation according to the embodiments is sequentially performed based on the sorted points, the sorting may have a close influence on the tree generation.

For example, the value of a predicted node nearest the current point may be searched for through the predictive tree based on information (vector) related to the point (node) processed before the current point, such as the vector between the current point and the parent node for the current point, the vector between the parent node and the grandparent node of the current point, and the like. For example, it is important to efficiently sort the points to search for the nearest neighbor using a method such as ratio distance optimization (RDO).

15010: Generate a Predictive Tree

The method/device according to embodiments may generate a predictive tree for prediction from the sorted points. Methods for generating a predictive tree according to the embodiments may include 1) KDTree-based parent node selection and 2) predicted point list-based fast parent node selection.

1) KDTree-Based Parent Node Selection

In the predictive tree-based geometry information compression coding, the operation of selecting a parent node through KDTree generation for generation of a predictive tree may be configured as a pseudo-code as follows.

 Points [ ]: An array of all points  pointCount: Total number of points  KDTree: A KD-tree used for neighbor node search  for (i=0; I < pointCount; i++) {  1. P = Points[i]  2. Search KDTree for a neighbor near P  Initially, there may be no information in the KDTree. The KDTree may be generated by registering points in the KDtree.  3. If there is no search result, register P as a node in the KDTree  For example, point P processed first is likely to be a root point. P may be registered, and then three predicted result values may be registered in the KD tree.  4. If there is a search result, check the number of children of the original node connected to the corresponding node in the KDTreee. If the number is less than or equal to 3, the search result may be registered as a child of the original node. If the number is greater than 3, check the next nearest node. If the number is less than or equal to 3, the search result may be registered as a child of the original node. That is, the maximum number of child nodes of a node included in the KD tree may be set to 3.  5. Register the predicted results of P (3 results except for the point) as nodes of KDTree

A tree structure with a maximum of 3 child nodes may be generated while processing the sorted points in order through a for loop.

In addition, by this process, a result predicted from a parent node, a result predicted from a grandparent and the parent node, and a result predicted from a grand-grandparent, the grandparent, and the parent node may be acquired as the predicted results of P.

2) Fast Parent Node Selection Based on a Predicted Point List

Since the tree generation proceeds sequentially in sorting order, the probability that the parent node of the current node is near the current node may be high.

FIG. 16 shows an example of sorted point cloud data according to embodiments.

Referring to the example of FIG. 16 , the parent node of node 23 is node 22, and the parent node of node 24 is node 23 in sorting order. However, some nodes have a large index difference from the parent nodes thereof. For example, the parent node of node 29 in sorting order is node 23. The parent node of node 45 is node 32.

In most cases, the parent node of a node may be found in the vicinity of the node due to the searching order and tree generation order.

Based on this characteristic, list-based search may be performed by generating a list according to embodiments for a search for configuring a parent node in the predictive tree-based geometry information compression coding. The pseudocode may be configured as follows:

 First, predicted_point_List may be generated.  for (i=0; I < pointCount; i++) {  1. P = Points[i]  2. Register the predicted results of P (3 results except for the point) in the predicted_point_List.  }

Based on the predicted point list-based predictive tree, a result predicted from a parent node, a result predicted from a grandparent and the parent node, and a result predicted from a grand-grandparent, the grandparent, and the parent node may be acquired as the predicted results of P.

The list-based predictive tree according to the embodiments may be managed separately from the KD tree.

In order to generate the list-based predictive tree according to the embodiments, the list according to the embodiments may be used in referencing the KD tree.

In order to generate a node constituting a predictive tree according to embodiments, a candidate node or a candidate point may be generated using the KD tree or based on the list. According to the method of list-based predictive tree generation, candidate points with excellent compression efficiency may be registered without using the KD tree.

That is, a list may be generated as described above, and a predictive tree may be generated based on the list to replace the KD tree. Accordingly, a low latency may be obtained.

1) Generate a list, and then generate a predictive tree. This is an alternative to the KD Tree scheme. The KD tree is not generated.

This method may shorten the processing time because the KD tree is not generated.

The predicted_point_list may be searched for parent node candidates.

N: Maximum search order (e.g., N=2)

numOfPoints_in_N: Defines the number of search points for the N-th search (e.g., {4, 16}).

In the first search, 4 points may be searched for. In the second search, 16 points may be searched for. When the results of the first search are good, the operation may end with the first search.

max_distance: Maximum distance allowed for the parent node.

When nodes (points) are searched for up to the maximum distance, the node (point) at the maximum distance not exceeding the maximum distance may be set as a parent node (e.g., root) of the current node (point).

 for (i=0; I < pointCount; i++) {  1. P = Points[i]  2. for (j=0; j < N; j++) {  1) Search the distances to all predicted points of numOfPoints_in_N[j] points to the left of P in the predicted_point_List.  2) If the point with the shortest distance is within the maximum distance (max_distance), the following operation is performed.  (1) Check the number of children of a node (original node) connected to the corresponding node (in the predictive tree). If the number is less than or equal to K (e.g., 3), register the corresponding points as children of the node. If the number is greater than or equal to K, check the next nearest node. Then, if the number is less than or equal to K, register the corresponding points as children of the node.  (2) Break;  }  }

Since the list-based predictive tree replaces the KD tree, the list-based process may replace a process that takes a long time, without using the KD tree.

RDO-based prediction may be performed with the new generated predictive tree to search the predictive tree for the parent most similar to the current point. Then, a residual may be generated, encoded, and transmitted.

As modes for generating a predicted value for the current point, various prediction modes, such as a mode in which the predicted value is generated based on the difference in position between the node, the parent, and the parent of the parent (parent+parent), and the parent, and a mode in which the predicted value is generated based on the difference in position between for generating the parent and the sampling, may be configured. The predicted value may be acquired based on the RDO technique.

FIG. 17 illustrates a configuration of a point cloud data transmission device according to embodiments.

The transmission device 10000 of FIG. 1 , the point cloud video encoder 10002, the encoding of FIG. 2 , the encoder of FIG. 4 , the transmission device of FIG. 12 , the device of FIG. 14 , and the like may correspond to or further include the point cloud data transmission device as shown in FIG. 17 . Each component or the entire structure of FIG. 17 may be configured as a point cloud data transmission device according to embodiments that may be implemented as hardware including one or more processors or integrated circuits configured to communicate with one or more memories, software, firmware, or a combination thereof.

The data input unit 17000 may receive point cloud data. The data input unit may receive geometry data of the point cloud data, attribute data of the point cloud data, and/or parameter information configured for the point cloud data.

The coordinate transformer 17010 may transform coordinate information related to the point cloud data to enable encoding.

The geometry information transform quantization processor 17020 may quantize the geometry data. For example, the quantization may be applied to the geometry data based on the quantization parameter.

The spatial partitioner 17030 may partition the geometry data based on a spatial unit in order to encode the geometry data.

The geometry information encoder 17040 may encode the geometry data. The geometry information encoder may voxelize the geometry data. According to embodiments, the voxelization may be optional. That is, when a predictive tree for geometry coding is executed, the geometry data may or may not be voxelized.

The geometry information encoder may check the geometry coding type. The geometry coding type may be set by the point cloud data transmission device according to the embodiments. For example, an optimal coding type may be determined based on the point cloud data. Coding types according to embodiments may include octree-based coding, prediction-based coding, and/or trisoup-based coding.

In the octree-based coding, an octree for the geometry data may be generated, and the geometry data may be encoded based on the octree.

In the trisoup-based coding, a trisoup for the geometry data may be generated, and the geometry data may be encoded based on the trisoup.

In the prediction-based coding, a predictive tree according to embodiments may be generated, and predictive data may be determined based on RDO.

For the prediction-based coding according to the embodiments, information on a predictive tree construction type, a point sorting method, maximum distance information, and the like may be received as input. Also, in the predictive tree, information on the applied predictive tree construction type and information on the applied point sorting method may be transmitted to the receiving decoder device.

The geometry information encoder may reconstruct geometry data, that is, position data. The reconstructed (restored) geometry data may be transmitted to the attribute information encoder for attribute coding.

When the geometry coding type is prediction-based coding, the geometry information encoder may generate a predictive tree through the predictive tree generator, and perform rate distortion optimization (RDO) based on the predictive tree generated by the RDO-based prediction determiner to select an optimal prediction mode. A predicted value of geometry may be generated according to the optimal prediction mode.

The geometry information entropy encoder 17050 may encode point cloud data based on an entropy scheme. The geometry information encoder may generate an encoded geometry information bitstream.

The geometry information entropy encoder may configure the geometry information bitstream by entropy-coding a residual between the geometry data and the predicted value.

The attribute information encoder 17000 may receive attribute data from the data input unit and encode the same. Since the attribute data (or attribute) is dependent on the geometry data (or position), the attribute data may be encoded based on the geometry data reconstructed by the geometry position reconstructor. The data may be transformed for encoding of a color, which is attribute information. The attribute information encoder may encode the attribute data based on the entropy scheme.

The predictive tree generator according to the embodiments may receive a point sorting method as an input according to a configuration. Points may be sorted according to the input sorting method. Point sorting methods may include sorting by Morton code, sorting by radius, sorting by azimuth, sorting by elevation, sorting by sensor ID, and sorting by capture time. The applied sorting method may be included in the bitstream as parameter information and delivered to the decoder.

The predictive tree generator may receive a predictive tree construction method as an input according to an encoding configuration, and generate a predictive tree according to the received method. The predictive tree construction method according to the embodiments may include construction based on the KDTree and construction based on the predicted point list. An optimal tree construction method may be selected according to the type of service. The applied construction method may be included in the bitstream as parameter information and transmitted to the decoder.

The predictive tree generator may receive the maximum distance according to the encoding configuration. When the predictive point list is used, a neighbor predicted point for selecting a parent node may be searched for. When the distance from the searched points is greater than the maximum distance, the search range may be expanded and additional search may be performed. This operation may be performed based on the maximum distance. The maximum distance may be received as an input or may be automatically set through the content analysis.

FIG. 18 illustrates a configuration of a point cloud data reception device according to embodiments.

The reception device 10004 of FIG. 1 , the point cloud video decoder 10006 of FIG. 1 , the decoding of FIG. 2 , the decoder of FIGS. 10 and 11 , the reception device of FIG. 13 , the device of FIG. 14 , and the like may correspond to or further include the point cloud data reception device as shown in FIG. 18 . Each component may be configured as a point cloud data transmission device according to embodiments that may be implemented as hardware including one or more processors or integrated circuits configured to communicate with one or more memories, software, firmware, or a combination thereof according to the embodiments.

The point cloud data reception device according to the embodiments may receive a bitstream containing geometry data and attribute data, decode the geometry data, and decode the attribute data.

The operation of FIG. 18 may follow the reverse procedure of the corresponding operation of FIG. 17 .

The geometry information decoder 18000 may receive a geometry information bitstream.

The geometry information decoder may decode the geometry data according to an entropy scheme by a geometry information entropy decoder.

The geometry information decoder may check the geometry coding type. The decoder may check whether octree-based coding or prediction-based coding is applied and perform corresponding decoding.

When the octree-based coding is applied by the encoder, the geometry information decoder may perform octree-based decoding through an octree reconstructor.

When the prediction-based coding is applied by the encoder, the geometry information decoder may perform predictive tree-based decoding through a predictive tree reconstructor.

The predictive tree reconstructor according to the embodiments may perform predictive tree-based decoding based on predictive tree-related parameter information contained in the bitstream. For example, the information may include restored predictive tree construction type information, and restored point sorting method information (see FIGS. 19 to 23 ).

The predictive tree reconstructor according to the embodiments may be used to receive and restore the predictive tree construction type and the point sorting method, reconstruct the predictive tree according to the restored information, and decode the predicted value of geometry.

The reconstruction operation of the predictive tree reconstructor according to the embodiments may correspond to the reverse process of the operation of the predictive tree generator.

The geometry information decoder may generate reconstructed geometry data by reconstructing the geometry data (or position), and deliver the same to the attribute information decoder.

The geometry information decoder may predict the geometry data through a geometry information predictor, and may transform the predicted data and inversely quantize the transformed data through a geometry information transform/inverse quantization processor.

The geometry information decoder may inversely transform the coordinates of the geometry data.

The geometry information decoder may decode the geometry information bitstream and reconstruct the geometry information.

The attribute information decoder 18010 may decode the attribute information bitstream and reconstruct the attribute information. The attribute information decoder may decode the attribute information based on the reconstructed geometry information.

The attribute information decoder may decode the residual of the attribute data delivered from the encoder through an attribute residual information entropy decoder based on the entropy scheme.

The attribute information decoder may inversely quantize the residual attribute information through a residual attribute information inverse quantization processor.

An inverse color transform processor may inversely transform the attribute data (or color) and reconstruct the attribute information.

Accordingly, the point cloud data reception method/device according to the embodiments may generate a KD tree-based predictive tree and/or a list-based predictive tree with a pseudocode according to embodiments similarly to the transmitting side, based on information such as predgeom_tree_sorting_type and pred_geom_tree_search_method contained in the bitstream. The geometry predictor may generate a predicted value for the point based on the predictive tree. The original point cloud data may be reconstructed by summing the predicted value with the residual contained in the bitstream.

FIG. 19 illustrates a structure of a bitstream containing point cloud data according to embodiments.

The transmission device 10000 of FIG. 1 , the point cloud video encoder 10002, the encoding of FIG. 2 , the encoder of FIG. 4 , the transmission device of FIG. 12 , the device of FIG. 14 , the point cloud data transmission device of FIG. 17 , or the like may generate a bitstream containing point cloud data shown in FIG. 19 . The reception device 10004 of FIG. 1 , the point cloud video decoder 10006, the decoding of FIG. 2 , the decoder of FIGS. 10 and 11 , the reception device of FIG. 13 , the device of FIG. 14 , the point cloud data reception device of FIG. 18 , or the like may decode a bitstream containing point cloud data as shown in FIG. 19 .

For example, the method/device according to the embodiments may signal PCC encoding related information. The signaling information according to the embodiments may be used at the transmitting side or the receiving side. The signaling information according to the embodiments may be generated and transmitted by the transmission/reception device according to the embodiments, for example, a metadata processor (which may be referred to as a metadata generator or the like) of the transmission device and may be received and acquired by a metadata parser of the reception device. Each operation of the reception device according to the embodiments may be performed based on the signaling information. The configuration of an encoded point cloud is described below.

Abbreviations referring to information included in the point cloud data include: SPS (Sequence Parameter Set); GPS (Geometry Parameter Set); APS (Attribute Parameter Set); TPS (Tile Parameter Set); Geom (Geometry bitstream), wherein the geometry bitstream may include a geometry slice header and/or geometry slice data; and Attr (Attribute bitstream), wherein the attribute bitstream may include an attribute brick header and attribute brick data. According to embodiments, a slice may represent a unit of encoding. Slice-based geometry may be encoded in geometry encoding, and a slice-based attribute may be encoded in attribute encoding. According to embodiments, a data unit may be added to the bitstream structure. Geometry/attribute data may be delivered on a per data unit basis.

According to embodiments, option information related to predictive tree generation may be added to and signaled in the SPS or GPS of the bitstream. The term signaling means an operation of including and transmitting the information in the bitstream.

The option information related to the predictive tree generation according to the embodiments may be added to and signaled in the TPS or a geometry header for each slice in the bitstream.

Tiles or slices are provided such that point cloud data may be divided into regions.

When the point cloud data is divided into regions, an option for generating different sets of neighbor points for the respective regions may be configured to provide a selection method exhibiting low complexity and low reliability of results or a selection method exhibiting high complexity and high reliability. The option may be configured differently according to the capacity of the receiver.

Accordingly, when a point cloud is divided into tiles, different options may be applied to the respective tiles.

When the point cloud is divided into slices, different options may be applied to the respective slices.

FIG. 20 shows a sequence parameter set according to embodiments.

FIG. 20 shows the syntax of a sequence parameter set contained in the bitstream of FIG. 19 .

The transmission device 10000 of FIG. 1 , the point cloud video encoder 10002, the encoding of FIG. 2 , the encoder of FIG. 4 , the transmission device of FIG. 12 , the device of FIG. 14 , the point cloud data transmission device of FIG. 17 , or the like may generate parameter information as shown in FIG. 20 , and transmit the same in a bitstream. The reception device 10004 of FIG. 1 , the point cloud video decoder 10006, the decoding of FIG. 2 , the decoder of FIGS. 10 and 11 , the reception device of FIG. 13 , the device of FIG. 14 , the point cloud data reception device of FIG. 18 , or the like may reconstruct point cloud data based on the parameter information as shown in FIG. 20 .

pred_geom_tree_sorting_type: May indicate a sorting method to be applied to points in generating a predictive geometry tree in a corresponding sequence.

For example, the values may indicate the following information: 0=No sorting; 1=Sorting in Morton code order; 2=Sorting in radius order; 3=Sorting in azimuth order; 4=Sorting in elevation order; 5=Sorting in sensor ID order; 6=Sorting in capture time order.

pred_geom_tree_sorting_ascending_flag: Indicates information on whether to sort points in ascending order (TRUE) or descending order (FALSE) when the points are sorted first in generating a predictive geometry tree from the corresponding sequence.

pred_geom_tree_search_method: Indicates a method of selecting a parent node to be applied in generating a predictive geometry tree from the corresponding sequence.

For example, the values thereof may indicate: 0=using KDTree; and 1=using a predicted point list.

profile_idc: Indicates a profile for the bitstream. The bitstream may have a value of profile_idc according to embodiments. Other values may be reserved for use by ISO/IEC.

profile_compatibility_flags: indicates, when equal to 1, that the bitstream conforms to the profile indicated by profile_idc equal to j.

sps_num_attribute_sets: Indicates the number of coded attributes in the bitstream. The value thereof shall be in the range of 0 to 63.

attribute_dimension[i]: Indicates the number of components of the i-th attribute.

attribute_instance_id[i]: Indicates the instance ID for the i-th attribute

FIG. 21 shows a geometry parameter set according to embodiments.

FIG. 21 shows the syntax of the geometry parameter set contained in the bitstream of FIG. 19 .

The transmission device 10000 of FIG. 1 , the point cloud video encoder 10002, the encoding of FIG. 2 , the encoder of FIG. 4 , the transmission device of FIG. 12 , the device of FIG. 14 , the point cloud data transmission device of FIG. 17 , or the like may generate parameter information as shown in FIG. 21 , and transmit the same in a bitstream. The reception device 10004 of FIG. 1 , the point cloud video decoder 10006, the decoding of FIG. 2 , the decoder of FIGS. 10 and 11 , the reception device of FIG. 13 , the device of FIG. 14 , the point cloud data reception device of FIG. 18 , or the like may reconstruct point cloud data based on the parameter information as shown in FIG. 21 .

In encoding/decoding the geometry information, related option information for the predictive tree generation function may be added to the geometry parameter set and signaled. The position of the signaling information may be variously set in the bitstream structure. For the information corresponding to FIG. 20 , reference may be made to the description of FIG. 20 .

pred_geom_tree_sorting_type: Indicates a sorting method to be applied in generating a predictive geometry tree from a corresponding sequence. For example, the values thereof may indicate: 0=No sorting; 1=Sorting in Morton code order; 2=Sorting in radius order; 3=Sorting in azimuth order; 4=Sorting in elevation order; 5=Sorting in sensor ID order; 6=Sorting in capture time order.

pred_geom_tree_sorting_ascending_flag: May indicate information on whether to sort points in ascending order (TRUE) or descending order (FALSE) when the points are sorted first in generating a predictive geometry tree from the corresponding sequence.

pred_geom_tree_search_method: May indicate a method of selecting a parent node to be applied in generating a predictive geometry tree from the corresponding sequence. For example, it may be signaled as 0=using KDTree and 1=using a predicted point list.

gps_geom_parameter_set_id: Indicates an identifier for the GPS for reference by other syntax elements. The value of gps_geom_parameter_set_id may be in the range of 0 to 15, inclusive.

gps_seq_parameter_set_id: Specifies the value of sps_seq_parameter_set_id for the active SPS. This value thereof may be in the range of 0 to 15, inclusive.

FIG. 22 shows a syntax of a tile parameter set according to embodiments.

FIG. 22 shows the syntax of the tile parameter set contained in the bitstream of FIG. 19 .

The transmission device 10000 of FIG. 1 , the point cloud video encoder 10002, the encoding of FIG. 2 , the encoder of FIG. 4 , the transmission device of FIG. 12 , the device of FIG. 14 , the point cloud data transmission device of FIG. 17 , or the like may generate parameter information as shown in FIG. 22 , and transmit the same in a bitstream. The reception device 10004 of FIG. 1 , the point cloud video decoder 10006, the decoding of FIG. 2 , the decoder of FIGS. 10 and 11 , the reception device of FIG. 13 , the device of FIG. 14 , the point cloud data reception device of FIG. 18 , or the like may reconstruct point cloud data based on the parameter information as shown in FIG. 22 .

The syntax of FIG. 22 according to embodiments may be included in a geometry data unit of the bitstream of FIG. 19 or may be included in tile inventory information of the bitstream. Option information related to predictive tree generation may be added to the tile parameter set and signaled. For the same fields as in FIG. 21 , reference may be made to the description of FIG. 21 .

pred_geom_tree_sorting_type: Indicates a sorting method to be applied in generating a predictive geometry tree from the corresponding tile. The values thereof may indicate: 0=No sorting; 1=Sorting in Morton code order; 2=Sorting in radius order; 3=Sorting in azimuth order; 4=Sorting in elevation order; 5=Sorting in sensor ID order; 6=Sorting in capture time order.

pred_geom_tree_sorting_ascending_flag: Indicates information on whether to sort points in ascending order (TRUE) or descending order (FALSE) when the points are sorted first in generating a predictive geometry tree from a corresponding tile.

pred_geom_tree_search_method: Indicates a method of selecting a parent node to be applied in generating a predictive geometry tree from the corresponding tile. For example, the values thereof may indicate: 0=using KDTree; and 1=using a predicted point list.

num_tiles: specifies the number of tiles signalled for the bitstream. When not present, num_tiles may be inferred to be 0.

The following tile-related parameters may be provided according to num_tiles.

tile_bounding_box_offset_x[i]): Indicates the x offset of the i-th tile in the Cartesian coordinates. When not present, the value of tile_bounding_box_offset_x[0]may be inferred to be sps_bounding_box_offset_x.

tile_bounding_box_offset_y[i]: Indicates the y offset of the i-th tile in the Cartesian coordinates. When not present, the value of tile_bounding_box_offset_y[0]may be inferred to be sps_bounding_box_offset_y.

tile_bounding_box_offset_z[i]): Indicates the z offset of the i-th tile in the Cartesian coordinates. When not present, the value of tile_bounding_box_offset_z[0]may be inferred to be sps_bounding_box_offset_z.

FIG. 23 shows a geometry slice header according to embodiments.

FIG. 23 shows the syntax of the geometry slice header contained in the bitstream of FIG. 19 .

The transmission device 10000 of FIG. 1 , the point cloud video encoder 10002, the encoding of FIG. 2 , the encoder of FIG. 4 , the transmission device of FIG. 12 , the device of FIG. 14 , the point cloud data transmission device of FIG. 17 , or the like may generate parameter information as shown in FIG. 22 , and transmit the same in a bitstream. The reception device 10004 of FIG. 1 , the point cloud video decoder 10006, the decoding of FIG. 2 , the decoder of FIGS. 10 and 11 , the reception device of FIG. 13 , the device of FIG. 14 , the point cloud data reception device of FIG. 18 , or the like may reconstruct point cloud data based on the parameter information as shown in FIG. 22 .

For description of the same fields as in FIG. 22 , reference may be made to the description of FIG. 22 .

pred_geom_tree_sorting_type: Indicates a sorting method to be applied in generating a predictive geometry tree from corresponding slice. The values thereof may indicate: 0=No sorting; 1=Sorting in Morton code order; 2=Sorting in radius order; 3=Sorting in azimuth order; 4=Sorting in elevation order; 5=Sorting in sensor ID order; 6=Sorting in capture time order.

pred_geom_tree_sorting_ascending_flag: Indicates information on whether to sort points in ascending order (TRUE) or descending order (FALSE) when the points are sorted first in generating a predictive geometry tree from a corresponding slice.

pred_geom_tree_search_method: Indicates a method of selecting a parent node to be applied in generating a predictive geometry tree from the corresponding slice. For example, the values thereof may indicate: 0=using KDTree; and 1=using a predicted point list.

gsh_geometry_parameter_set_id: Specifies the value of the gps_geom_parameter_set_id of the active GPS.

gsh_tile_id: Specifies the value of the tile ID that is referred to by the GSH. The value of gsh_tile_id may be in the range of 0 to XX.

gsh_slice_id: A slice header for reference by other syntax elements. The value of gsh_slice_id may be in the range of 0 to XX.

FIG. 24 illustrates a point cloud data transmission method according to embodiments.

The transmission device 10000 of FIG. 1 , the point cloud video encoder 10002, the encoding of FIG. 2 , the encoder of FIG. 4 , the transmission device of FIG. 12 , the device of FIG. 14 , the point cloud data transmission device of FIG. 17 , or the like may process point cloud data using the following method.

2400: A method of transmitting point cloud data according to embodiments may include encoding point cloud data. For the encoding operation according to the embodiments, refer to the descriptions of FIGS. 3, 5 to 9, 15, 16 , etc. A bitstream containing the point cloud data and parameter information related to the point cloud data as shown in FIGS. 19-23 may be generated.

2401: The point cloud data transmission method according to the embodiments may further include transmitting a bitstream containing the point cloud data. In the transmission operation according to the embodiments, the bitstream as shown in FIGS. 19 to 23 may be transmitted.

FIG. 25 illustrates a point cloud data reception method according to embodiments.

The reception device 10004 of FIG. 1 , the point cloud video decoder 10006, the decoding of FIG. 2 , the decoder of FIGS. 10 and 11 , the reception device of FIG. 13 , the device of FIG. 14 , the point cloud data reception device of FIG. 18 , or the like may process point cloud data using the following method. The reception method according to the embodiments may follow a reverse process of the corresponding transmission method.

2500: A method of receiving point cloud data according to embodiments may include receiving a bitstream containing point cloud data. In the reception operation according to the embodiments, a bitstream (e.g., FIGS. 19 to 23 ) containing encoded point cloud data and parameter information related to the point cloud data may be received.

2501: The point cloud data reception method according to the embodiments may further include decoding the point cloud data. In the decoding operation according to the embodiments, the point cloud data may be reconstructed based on parameter information (e.g., FIGS. 19-23 ) about the point cloud data.

A method of transmitting point cloud data according to embodiments may include encoding point cloud data, and transmitting the point cloud data.

The encoding of the point cloud data may include encoding geometry data of the point cloud data, encoding attribute data of the point cloud data. The encoding of the geometry data may include generating a predictive tree for the geometry data. A method of generating the predictive tree may include using KDTree and/or using a list.

The encoding of the geometry data may include sorting the geometry data based on at least one of a Morton code, a radius, an azimuth, or an elevation. Points may be sorted according to a specific criterion that is efficient for prediction, and may then be provided to generate a predictive tree.

The encoding of the geometry data may include sorting the geometry data, registering the geometry data in in a predicted point list, and searching for parent information related to current geometry data based on the predicted point list.

The encoding of the geometry data may include generating the predictive tree based on the predicted point list, and generating a predicted value of the current geometry data based on at least one of parent information related to the current geometry data, parent information related to a parent of the current geometry data, or parent information related to a parent of the parent of the current geometry data according to the predictive tree. A residual may be generated based on the predictive value and a bitstream having a minimum size may be transmitted. In searching the list for the parent, primary and secondary searches may be performed. A secondary search may be additionally performed for an accurate search. In order to prevent search delay, the maximum distance (max_distance) allowed for the parent node (point) may be set. In searching the list for the parent, a parent point may be searched for among previously processed points on the left of the current point based on the list. A predictive tree may be generated through the list-based search. There may be no constituent nodes in the predictive tree initially. However, the predictive tree may be generated as points are successively searched for and registered. When the number of children belonging to the parent node is less than or equal to 3 or is less than 3, the predictive tree may be gradually generated by registering the current point as a child node of the parent node. The parent/child relationship between points may be identified from the predictive tree, and geometry prediction coding may be performed based on the list-based predictive tree.

A device according to embodiments may include a receiver configured to receive point cloud data, and a decoder configured to decode the point cloud data.

The decoder configured to decode the point cloud data may include a geometry decoder configured to decode geometry data of the point cloud data, and an attribute decoder configured to decode attribute data of the point cloud data. The geometry decoder may generate a predictive tree for the geometry data.

The bitstream may contain parameter information related to the predictive tree (see the syntax in FIGS. 20 to 23 ), and the geometry decoder may sort the geometry data based on at least one of a Morton code, a radius, an azimuth, or an elevation.

The geometry decoder may sort the geometry data, register the geometry data in a predicted point list, and search for parent information related to current geometry data based on the predicted point list.

The geometry decoder generate the predictive tree based on the predicted point list, and generate a predicted value of the current geometry data based on at least one of parent information related to the current geometry data, parent information related to a parent of the current geometry data, or parent information related to a parent of the parent of the current geometry data according to the predictive tree. The point cloud data may be reconstructed based on the predicted value and the residual.

The method/device according to the embodiments may shorten encoding and decoding times in case a low-latency service is required, for example, when point cloud data from LiDAR needs to be captured and transmitted in real time, or when a service requiring a 3D map data to be received and processed in real time is provided.

Embodiments may shorten the coding time of the geometry information compression technique of Geometry-based Point Cloud Compression (G-PCC) for 3D point cloud data compression based on the predicted point list-based parent node selection method while maintaining the compression efficiency.

Accordingly, the embodiments may provide a point cloud content stream by compressing point cloud data quickly while maintaining the geometry compression efficiency of the encoder/decoder of geometry-based point cloud compression (G-PCC) for 3D point cloud data compression.

The PCC encoder and/or PCC decoder according to the embodiments may provide a parent node selection method for efficient generation of a predictive tree, and reduce the search time, thereby increasing geometry compression coding/decoding efficiency.

Therefore, the transmission method/device according to the embodiments may efficiently compress the point cloud data and transmit the compressed data, and also deliver signaling information for the data. Accordingly, the reception method/device according to the embodiments may efficiently decode/reconstruct the point cloud data.

The operation of the transmission/reception device according to the above-described embodiments may be described in combination with the point cloud compression process disclosed below.

The embodiments have been described in terms of a method and/or a device. The description of the method and the description of the device may complement each other.

Although embodiments have been described with reference to each of the accompanying drawings for simplicity, it is possible to design new embodiments by merging the embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings. If a recording medium readable by a computer, in which programs for executing the embodiments mentioned in the foregoing description are recorded, is designed by those skilled in the art, it may also fall within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. The devices and methods may not be limited by the configurations and methods of the embodiments described above. The embodiments described above may be configured by being selectively combined with one another entirely or in part to enable various modifications. Although preferred embodiments have been described with reference to the drawings, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications and variations may be made in the embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure described in the appended claims. Such modifications are not to be understood individually from the technical idea or perspective of the embodiments.

Various elements of the devices of the embodiments may be implemented by hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof. Various elements in the embodiments may be implemented by a single chip, for example, a single hardware circuit. According to embodiments, the components according to the embodiments may be implemented as separate chips, respectively. According to embodiments, at least one or more of the components of the device according to the embodiments may include one or more processors capable of executing one or more programs. The one or more programs may perform any one or more of the operations/methods according to the embodiments or include instructions for performing the same. Executable instructions for performing the method/operations of the device according to the embodiments may be stored in a non-transitory CRM or other computer program products configured to be executed by one or more processors, or may be stored in a transitory CRM or other computer program products configured to be executed by one or more processors. In addition, the memory according to the embodiments may be used as a concept covering not only volatile memories (e.g., RAM) but also nonvolatile memories, flash memories, and PROMs. In addition, it may also be implemented in the form of a carrier wave, such as transmission over the Internet. In addition, the processor-readable recording medium may be distributed to computer systems connected over a network such that the processor-readable code may be stored and executed in a distributed fashion.

In this document, the term “I” and “,” should be interpreted as indicating “and/or.” For instance, the expression “A/B” may mean “A and/or B.” Further, “A, B” may mean “A and/or B.” Further, “A/B/C” may mean “at least one of A, B, and/or C.” “A, B, C” may also mean “at least one of A, B, and/or C.” Further, in the document, the term “or” should be interpreted as “and/or.” For instance, the expression “A or B” may mean 1) only A, 2) only B, and/or 3) both A and B. In other words, the term “or” in this document should be interpreted as “additionally or alternatively.”

Terms such as first and second may be used to describe various elements of the embodiments. However, various components according to the embodiments should not be limited by the above terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first user input signal may be referred to as a second user input signal. Similarly, the second user input signal may be referred to as a first user input signal. Use of these terms should be construed as not departing from the scope of the various embodiments. The first user input signal and the second user input signal are both user input signals, but do not mean the same user input signal unless context clearly dictates otherwise.

The terminology used to describe the embodiments is used for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the embodiments. As used in the description of the embodiments and in the claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The expression “and/or” is used to include all possible combinations of terms. The terms such as “includes” or “has” are intended to indicate existence of figures, numbers, steps, elements, and/or components and should be understood as not precluding possibility of existence of additional existence of figures, numbers, steps, elements, and/or components. As used herein, conditional expressions such as “if” and “when” are not limited to an optional case and are intended to be interpreted, when a specific condition is satisfied, to perform the related operation or interpret the related definition according to the specific condition.

Operations according to the embodiments described in this specification may be performed by a transmission/reception device including a memory and/or a processor according to embodiments. The memory may store programs for processing/controlling the operations according to the embodiments, and the processor may control various operations described in this specification. The processor may be referred to as a controller or the like. In embodiments, operations may be performed by firmware, software, and/or combinations thereof. The firmware, software, and/or combinations thereof may be stored in the processor or the memory.

The operations according to the above-described embodiments may be performed by the transmission device and/or the reception device according to the embodiments. The transmission/reception device may include a transmitter/receiver configured to transmit and receive media data, a memory configured to store instructions (program code, algorithms, flowcharts and/or data) for the processes according to the embodiments, and a processor configured to control the operations of the transmission/reception device.

The processor may be referred to as a controller or the like, and may correspond to, for example, hardware, software, and/or a combination thereof. The operations according to the above-described embodiments may be performed by the processor. In addition, the processor may be implemented as an encoder/decoder for the operations of the above-described embodiments.

As described above, related details have been described in the best mode for carrying out the embodiments.

As described above, the embodiments are fully or partially applicable to a point cloud transmission/reception device and system.

Those skilled in the art may change or modify the embodiments in various ways within the scope of the embodiments.

Embodiments may include variations/modifications within the scope of the claims and their equivalents. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of transmitting point cloud data, the method comprising: encoding point cloud data; and transmitting the point cloud data.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the encoding of the point cloud data comprises: encoding geometry data of the point cloud data; and encoding attribute data of the point cloud data, wherein the encoding of the geometry data comprises: generating a predictive tree for the geometry data.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the encoding of the geometry data comprises: sorting the geometry data based on at least one of a Morton code, a radius, an azimuth, or an elevation.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the encoding of the geometry data comprises: sorting the geometry data and registering the geometry data in a predicted point list; and searching for parent information related to current geometry data based on the predicted point list.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the encoding of the geometry data comprises: generating the predictive tree based on the predicted point list; and generating a predicted value of the current geometry data based on at least one of parent information related to the current geometry data, parent information related to a parent of the current geometry data, or parent information related to a parent of the parent of the current geometry data according to the predictive tree.
 6. A device for transmitting point cloud data, the device comprising: an encoder configured to encode point cloud data; and a transmitter configured to transmit the point cloud data.
 7. The device of claim 6, wherein the encoder configured to encode the point cloud data comprises: a geometry encoder configured to encode geometry data of the point cloud data; and an attribute encoder configured to encode attribute data of the point cloud data, wherein the geometry encoder generates a prediction tree for the geometry data.
 8. The device of claim 7, wherein the geometry encoder sorts the geometry data based on at least one of a Morton code, a radius, an azimuth, or an elevation.
 9. The device of claim 2, wherein the geometry encoder is configured to: sort the geometry data and register the geometry data in a predicted point list; and search for parent information related to current geometry data based on the predicted point list.
 10. The device of claim 9, wherein the geometry encoder is configured to: generate one or more predicted values of the current geometry data based on at least one of parent information related to the current geometry data, parent information related to a parent of the current geometry data, or parent information related to a parent of the parent of the current geometry data, register the one or more predicted values in the predicted point list.
 11. A method of receiving point cloud data, the method comprising: receiving a bitstream containing point cloud data; and decoding the point cloud data.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the decoding of the point cloud data comprises: decoding geometry data of the point cloud data; and decoding attribute data of the point cloud data, wherein the decoding of the geometry data comprises: generating a predictive tree for the geometry data.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the bitstream contains parameter information related to the predictive tree, wherein the decoding of the geometry data comprises: sorting the geometry data based on at least one of a Morton code, a radius, an azimuth, or an elevation.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the bitstream contains parameter information related to the predictive tree, wherein the decoding of the geometry data comprises: sorting the geometry data and registering the geometry data in a predicted point list; and searching for parent information related to current geometry data based on the predicted point list.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the decoding of the geometry data comprises: generating the predictive tree based on the predicted point list; and generating a predicted value of the current geometry data based on at least one of parent information related to the current geometry data, parent information related to a parent of the current geometry data, or parent information related to a parent of the parent of the current geometry data according to the predictive tree.
 16. A device for receiving point cloud data, the device comprising: a receiver configured to receive point cloud data; and a decoder configured to decode the point cloud data.
 17. The device of claim 16, wherein the decoder configured to decode the point cloud data comprises: a geometry decoder configured to decode geometry data of the point cloud data; and an attribute decoder configured to decode attribute data of the point cloud data, wherein the geometry decoder generates a predictive tree for the geometry data.
 18. The device of claim 17, wherein the bitstream contains parameter information related to the predictive tree, wherein the geometry decoder sorts the geometry data based on at least one of a Morton code, a radius, an azimuth, or an elevation.
 19. The device of claim 17, wherein the bitstream contains parameter information related to the predictive tree, wherein the geometry decoder is configured to: sort the geometry data and register the geometry data in a predicted point list; and search for parent information related to current geometry data based on the predicted point list.
 20. The device of claim 19, wherein the geometry decoder is configured to: generate the predictive tree based on the predicted point list; and generate a predicted value of the current geometry data based on at least one of parent information related to the current geometry data, parent information related to a parent of the current geometry data, or parent information related to a parent of the parent of the current geometry data according to the predictive tree. 